Table 2.

Biomarkers in diagnosis and prognosis of alcohol-related liver disease [14,105]

Biomarker	Biology	Significance	Cut-off value
Microfibrillar-associated protein 4 [106]	Marker of fibrogenesis	Early ALD: fibrosis assessment
Angiopoietin-like 4 [107]	Marker angiogenesis	Early ALD: fibrosis assessment
Collagen IV, hyaluronic acid [107]	Extracellular matrix turnover	Early-ALD: fibrosis assessment
PNPLA3 [108]	Genetic polymorphism	ALD and AH: disease progression and prognostic
		Hepatoma development
HSD17B13, TM6F2 [109]	Genetic polymorphisms	ALD: disease progression Prognostic
Fibrotest [55]	Fibrosis score including alpha-2-macroglobulin, apolipoprotein A1, haptoglobin, Brb, GGT	Fibrosis assessment	Cut-offs for 3 risk groups: <0.31, 0.31–0.58, and >0.58
Fibrometer	Fibrosis score including platelets, prothrombin time, macroglobulin, AST, hyaluronate, age, urea	Fibrosis assessment	Cut-offs for 2 risk groups: ≤0.61 (significant fibrosis) and >0.61
Hepascore	Fibrosis score including age, sex, alpha-2-macroglobulin, hyaluronate, Brb, GGT	Fibrosis assessment	Cut-offs for 2 risk groups: ≥0.5 (significant fibrosis) and <0.5 (exclude advanced fibrosis)
Enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF) test [55]	Fibrosis score including procollagen type III N-terminal peptide, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and hyaluronic acid	Fibrosis assessment	Cut-offs for 3 risk groups: <9.8, 9.8–10.5, and >10.5
FIB4 [55]	Fibrosis score including age, ALT, AST, platelets	Fibrosis assessment	Cut-offs between low and intermediate group: 1.3 (for age ≤65 years) and 2.0 (for age >65 years); >2.67 for high-risk group
APRI	Fibrosis score including ALT, platelets	Fibrosis assessment	Cut-offs for 2 risk groups: <0.75 and ≥0.75
Forn’s index [55]	Fibrosis score including age, GGT, cholesterol, platelets	Fibrosis assessment	Cut-offs for 3 risk groups: <4.2, 4.2–6.9, and >6.9

ALD, alcohol-related liver disease; PNPLA3, patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3; AH, alcohol-induced hepatitis; HSD17B13, hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehidrogenase 13; TM6F2, transmembrane 6 superfamily 2; Brb, bilirubin; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; AST, aspartate transaminase; FIB4, fibrosis-4; APRI, AST to Platelet Ratio Index.