Table 3.
ELISA for antibody detection validated by clinical samples.
| Virus | Antigen based | Biomarker (Subclass of immunoglobulin) | Sensitivity (No. positive/no. tested(%)) | Specificity(No. negative/no. tested (%)) | Comment | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SARS-CoV | Whole virus | IgG | 54/56(96.4) | 204/204(100) | (Shao et al., 2005) | |
| SARS-CoV | Whole virus | IgG | 30/36(83.3) | 96/96(100) | (Chen et al., 2004b) | |
| SARS-CoV | Whole virus | IgG | 117 (100) | 813/813 (100) | (Li et al., 2005a) | |
| SARS-CoV | Whole virus | IgM | 28/36(77.8) | 96/96(100) | (Chen et al., 2004b) | |
| SARS-CoV | Whole virus | Ab(IgG+IgM+IgA) | 220/224(98.2) | 242/245(98.7) | (Wu et al., 2004a) | |
| SARS-CoV | Rec N | IgG | 61/61 (100) | 476/483 (98.5) | Rec N expressde by baby hamster kidney cells. | (Haynes et al., 2007) |
| SARS-CoV | Rec N (aa 1-422) |
IgG | 10/10 (100) | 50/50 (100) | (Lee et al., 2008) | |
| SARS-CoV | Rec N (aa 1-422) |
IgG | 90/95(94.7) | Not shown. | (Woo et al., 2005b) | |
| SARS-CoV | Rec N | IgG | 80/87(92) | -/-(92) | (Saijo et al., 2005) | |
| SARS-CoV | Rec N | IgG | 10 daos: 15/16(93.7);20 daos: 16/16 (100);30 daos: 16/16 (100) | 131/131(100) | (Timani et al., 2004) | |
| SARS-CoV | Rec N | IgG | 146/150(96.2% for late serum samples) | 440/450(97.8) | (Chan et al., 2005) | |
| SARS-CoV | Rec N | IgG | 6-10daos:12/18(68.4);11-61daos:16/18(89.6) | 984/983(99.9) | (Shi et al., 2003) | |
| SARS-CoV | N (aa 1-422) |
IgG | 100/106(94.3) | 142/149(95.3) | IgA: Sensitivity:64/106(60.4) Specificity:144/146(96.6) |
(Woo et al., 2004a) |
| SARS-CoV | N (aa 1-422) |
IgG | 100/106(94.3) | 149/149(100) | (Woo et al., 2004b) | |
| GST-N | IgG | 9/10(90) | – | (Huang et al., 2004) | ||
| SARS-CoV | Rec N (aa 110-422) |
IgG | 10/10 (100) | 50/50 (100) | (Lee et al., 2008) | |
| SARS-CoV | NΔ121 (aa 122-422) | IgG | 36/36(100) (3 week after onset) | – | (Yu et al., 2007) | |
| SARS-CoV | NΔ121 (aa 122-422) |
IgG | 36/37(97.3) | 175/175(100) | (Yu et al., 2005) | |
| SARS-CoV | Rec N (aa 213-423) |
IgG | clinical inpatients:311/442(70.4); convalescent patients:229/302(75.8) |
2707/2726(99.3) | (Lu et al., 2005a) | |
| SARS-CoV | Rec N (aa 213-422) |
Total Ab | 25/35(71.4) | 544/544(100) | Double-antigen sandwich ELISA; 229 of 302 (75.8%) samples of convalescent SARS patients were positive | (Chen et al., 2005) |
| SARS-CoV | N (aa 1-422) |
IgM | 63/106(59.4) | 144/149(96.6) | (Woo et al., 2004a) | |
| SARS-CoV | Rec N (aa 1-422) |
IgM | 53/95(55.2) | – | (Woo et al., 2005b) | |
| SARS-CoV | NΔ121 (aa 122-422) | IgM | 36/36(100) | 175/175(100) | MAC-ELISA; Patient’s serum were collected 3 week after onset |
(Yu et al., 2007) |
| SARS-CoV | Rec S (aa 1-1190) | IgG | 59/61 (96.7) | 480/483 (99.4) | Rec S expressed by HEK-293T/17 cells | (Haynes et al., 2007) |
| SARS-CoV | Rec S (aa 251- 683) and N (N1, N2, and N3) cocktail |
IgG+IgM | 18/20(90) | 99/100(99) | N1, N2, and N3 comprise almost the whole nucleocapsid protein | (Gimenez et al., 2009) |
| SARS-CoV | Rec S (aa 250-667) |
IgG | 56/95(58.9) | 146/148(98.6) | (Woo et al., 2005b) | |
| SARS-CoV | Rec S (aa 250-667) |
IgM | 71/95(74.7) | 140/148(93.9) | (Woo et al., 2005b) | |
| SARS-CoV | S1 (aa 540-559) |
IgG | 9/10(90) | 3/6(50) | Synthetic peptides | (Lu et al., 2005b) |
| SARS-CoV | Rec N | IgG | 74/74(100) | 209/210(99.5) | aa 111-118 deleted | (Guan et al., 2004a) |
| SARS-CoV | M | IgG | 4/4(100) | – | (Qian et al., 2006) | |
| SARS-CoV | Synthetic peptides (S, M, N) | IgG | 69/69(100) | 1390 (100) | (Hsueh et al., 2004a) | |
| MERS-CoV | Rec S (aa 318–510) | Ab | 62/63(98) | 3/3(100) | Rec S expressed by baculovirus expression system; competitive ELISA; dromedary camel sera used as sample. | (Fukushi et al., 2018) |
| MERS-CoV | Rec S (aa 1-725) | IgG | 12/13(92.3) | 195/195(100) | ||
| HCoV-229E | N | – | – | 16/18(89.9) | (Shao et al., 2007) | |
| HCoV-OC43 | Rec N | IgG | 10/11(90.9) | 39/47(82.9) | (Blanchard et al., 2011) | |
| SARS-CoV-2 | S (aa 1-1208) | IgM or IgG | 34/40(85) | 50/50(100) | (Adams et al., 2020) | |
| SARS-CoV-2 | RBD | Total Ab IgM IgG |
78/80(97.5) 74/80(92.5) 71/80(88.8) |
300/300(100) 300/300 (100) 300/300 (100) |
Commercial assay (Wantai) | (Lou et al., 2020) |
| SARS-CoV-2 | S1 subunit | IgG IgA |
61/75(81) 73/75(97) |
156/157(99) 147/157(94) |
Commercial assay (Euroimmun) | (Geurtsvankessel et al., 2020 |
| SARS-CoV-2 | N | IgM IgG IgA |
188/208(90.4) 162/208(77.9) 194/208(93.3) |
285/285(100) 285/285(100) 285/285(100) |
(Guo et al., 2020) | |
| SARS-CoV-2 | RBD | Ab IgM IgG |
161/173(93.1) 143/173(82.7) 112/173(64.7) |
211/213(99.1) 210/213(98.6) 195/213(99) |
(Zhao et al., 2020) |
Rec, recombinant; N, nucleocapsid protein; S, spike protein; Ref, reference; daos, days after onset of symptoms; aa, amino acid position; -,not determined.