Table 4.
WB for antibody detection validated by clinical samples.
| Virus | Antigen based | Biomarker (Subclass of immunoglobulin) | Sensitivity(No. positive/no. tested(%)) | Specificity(No. negative/no. tested(%)) | Comment | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SARS-CoV | Rec N Rec S (aa 511-1255) |
IgG IgG |
39/40(97.5) 19/40(47.5) |
5/5(100) 5/5(100) |
(Huang et al., 2004) | |
| SARS-CoV | N195 ( aa 228-423) |
IgG+lgM IgG lgM |
40/44(90.9) 39/44(88.6) 25/44(56.8) |
226/230(98.3) |
No cross-reaction with chicken, pig, and canine coronaviruses; | (He et al., 2004a) |
| SARS-CoV | Rec GST-N(aa 121-422) & viral lysate antigens | IgG | 40/40(100) | 150/150(100) | Different antigen proteins were arrayed on the same strip. | (Ming et al., 2004) |
| SARS-CoV | Rec N & Rec M & Rec S5 (aa 678-888) & Rec S6 (aa 884-1113) | IgG IgA IgG or IgA |
34/46(73.9) 41/46(89.1) 42/46(91.3) |
43/44(97.7) 39/44(88.6) 39/44(88.6) |
The sample pool contains serum collected from acute phase as well as convalescent phase. | (Wu et al., 2004a) |
| SARS-CoV | Rec N | IgG | 34/34(100) | 98/100(98%) | Serum samples from healthy donors used as negative control, which showed strong reactivity to the nucleocapsid proteins of HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43, with positive results in 97% and 99%, respectively. |
(Che et al., 2005) |
| SARS-CoV | Rec N Rec S1 (aa 14-760) Rec S2 (aa 761-1190) |
IgG | 30/30(100) 30/30(100) 26/30(86.6) |
0/48(0) 48/48(100) 48/48(100) |
Serum samples from healthy donors as negative control. | (Maache et al., 2006) |
| SARS-CoV | Rec N (aa 120-422) Rec U274 (aa 134–274) |
IgG IgM IgA IgG IgM IgA |
CP: 81/81(100) AP: 2/7(28.6) AP: 7/7(100) AP: 7/7(100) CP: 59/81(73) AP: 0/7 AP: 1/7 AP: 4/7 |
100/100(100) 100/100(100) |
(Tan et al., 2004) | |
| SARS-CoV | S1 subunit S2 subunit |
IgG | 15/20(75) 17/20(85) |
34/40(85) 40/40(100) |
Rec S were expressed in an E. coli system. | (Wang et al., 2004) |
| SARS-CoV | Rec N Rec S1(aa 14–403) Rec S2 (aa 370–770) Rec S3 (aa 738–1196) |
IgG | 10/10(100) 5/10(50) 3/10(30) 7/10(70) |
– | Rec S were expressed in an E. coli system. | (Wang et al., 2005) |
| SARS-CoV HCoV-229E HCoV- OC43 |
Rec N Rec N Rec N |
IgG IgG IgG |
CP: 49/49(100) AP: 4/6(66.7) CP: 6/6(100) AP: 5/6(83.3) CP: 6/6(100) |
25/25(100) - - - - |
(Lehmann et al., 2008) | |
| HCoV-229E | Rec N (aa 9-389) & Rec S (aa 54-1173) |
IgG | 10/10(100) | 1/1(100) | A neonatal control serum. | (Pohl-Koppe et al., 1995) |
Rec, recombinant; N, nucleocapsid protein; S, spike protein; Ref, reference; daos, days after onset of symptoms; aa, amino acid position; -,not determined; AP, acute phase; CP, convalescent phase.