Table 1.
List of Plasmodium proteins involved in host immune evasion.
| S.N. | Accession no. | Protein name | Function | Cellular localization | Role in immune evasion/parasite survival | Parasite life stages | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | PF3D7_1342500 | SPECT1 | Pore formation | Soluble and membrane-associated | Host cell traversal and migration to liver | Pre erythrocytic | (12) |
| 2. | PF3D7_0408700 | SPECT2 | Pore formation | Soluble and Membrane-associated | Host cell traversal and migration to liver | Pre erythrocytic | (12) |
| 3. | PF3D7_1335900 | TRAP | Cell adhesion | Sporozoite plasma membrane | Sporozoite motility and host cell adhesion | Pre erythrocytic | (13) |
| 4. | AGAP007907 | Agaphelin | Anti-hemostatic, anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic activity | Secreted in mosquito saliva | Inhibitory effects on neutrophil chemotaxis and NET formation | Pre erythrocytic | (14) |
| 5. | PF3D7_0304600 | CSP | Sporozoite development during liver stage | Cell surface, cytoplasm, plasma membrane | Prevents ROS formation, upregulate Th2 response and downregulate Th1 response, downregulate antibody isotype maturation and suppression of the NF-kB signaling | Pre erythrocytic | (19–22, 30) |
| 6. | PBANKA_0501200 | UIS4 | Sporozoite development during liver stage | Sporozoite plasma membrane | Avoids parasite elimination by suppressing actin formation | Pre erythrocytic | (32) |
| 7. | PF3D7_0930300 | MSP | RBCs invasion during blood stage | Merozoite plasma membrane | Antigenic diversity and allelic polymorphism aid in parasite survival | Erythrocytic | (38) |
| 8. | PF3D7_1147800 | EBL | Binding to erythrocyte during blood stage |
Merozoite plasma membrane | Antigenic diversity and allelic polymorphism aid in parasite survival | Erythrocytic | (39) |
| 9. | PF3D7_0300800 | RIFIN | Cell adhesion | Surface of iRBCs | Antigenic variation, sequestration to microvascular system | Erythrocytic | (57) |
| 10. | PF3D7_0101800 | STEVOR | Cell adhesion | Surface of iRBCs | Antigenic variation, sequestration to microvascular system | Erythrocytic | (58) |
| 11. | PF3D7_1200610 | VAR2CSA | Host cell surface receptor binding | Surface of iRBCs | Reduced macrophage mediated phagocytosis and NK cell mediated killing | Erythrocytic | (60) |
| 12. | PBANKA_0515000 | P25 | Midgut invasion | Surface of Ookinete | Evade midgut proteases mediated immune response | Mosquito stage | (65) |
| 13. | PBANKA_0514900 | P28 | Midgut invasion | Surface of Ookinete | Evade midgut proteases mediated immune response | Mosquito stage | (65) |
| 14. | PF3D7_1346800 | Pfs47 | Mosquito immune evasion | Surface of gametocyte | Evade mosquito complement response by suppressing midgut nitration, inhibit inhibits JNK pathway mediated apoptosis | Mosquito stage | (66, 67) |
| 15. | PBANKA_1359700 | Pb47 | Required for female fertility | Surface of gametocyte | Protect the parasite from complement-like response of mosquito | Mosquito stage | (68) |
| 16. | PF3D7_0620000 | PIMMS43 | Mosquito immune evasion | Surface of ookinete | Evade mosquito complement-like response | Mosquito stage | (69) |
| 17. | PF3D7_1364100 | Pf92 | Recruits complement regulator proteins | Merozoite plasma membrane | Protect merozoites from complement mediated lysis | Erythrocytic | (70, 71) |
| 18. | PF3D7_0918000 | GAP50 | Recruit complement regulator proteins | Merozoite plasma membrane | Protect merozoites from complement mediated lysis | Erythrocytic | (71, 72) |
| 19. | PF3D7_0424200 | PfRh4 | RBCs invasion | Merozoite plasma membrane | Hijack CR1 to invade RBCs | Erythrocytic | (73) |
| 20. | PF3D7_1200600 | PfEMP1 | Cell adhesion | Surface of iRBCs | Antigenic variations, adherence to endothelial cells, induce rosette formation, prevent complement fixation and induce direct immunosuppression of immune cells | Erythrocytic | (42, 59, 74–76) |