Table 1.
Participant Demographics, Glycemic Metrics, and Outcomes.
| All | CGM + SMBG | SMBG | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 10 | 6 | 4 |
| Demographics and medical history | |||
| Age, y (mean ± SD) | 33 ± 4 | 32 ± 5 | 34 ± 2 |
| Race/ethnicity (n [%]) | |||
| NH white | 4 (40%) | 2 (33%) | 2 (50%) |
| NH black | 1 (10%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (25%) |
| Hispanic | 1 (10%) | 1 (17%) | 0 (0%) |
| Asian/Asian Indian | 4 (40%) | 3 (50%) | 1 (25%) |
| Multigravida (n [%]) | 4 (33%) | 1 (25%) | 3 (38%) |
| Prior GDM (n [%]) | 1 (10%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (25%) |
| Gestational age at enrollment, wk (mean ± SD) | 28.9 ± 1.4 | 29.4 ± 1.4 | 28.3 ± 1.3 |
| Weight at enrollment, kg (mean ± SD) | 74.4 ± 12.1 | 73 ± 12.7 | 77.2 ± 12.4 |
| Glycemic metrics | |||
| Treatment with metformin (n [%]) | 1 (10%) | 0 | 1 (25%) |
| Treatment with insulin (n [%]) | 1 (10%) | 1 (17%) | 0 |
| HbA1c (mean ± SD) | 5.4 ± 0.3 | 5.4 ± 0.4 | 5.5 ± 0.2 |
| Enrollment CGM (mean ± SD) | |||
| TAR | 0.8 ± 1 | 0.5 ± 1 | 1.3 ± 2 |
| TIR | 82.7 ± 17 | 83 ± 22 | 82.3 ± 7 |
| TBR | 16.5 ± 17 | 16.7 ± 23 | 16.3 ± 7 |
| TB 54 | 8.1 ± 13 | 8.5 ± 16 | 7.5 ± 6 |
| 32 week CGM | |||
| TAR | 0.4 ± 1 | 0.4 ± 1 | 0.5 ± 1 |
| TIR | 87.8 ± 10 | 89.9 ± 9 | 85.3 ± 12 |
| TBR (<63 mg/dL) | 11.6 ± 10 | 9.4 ± 8 | 14.3 ± 12 |
| TB 54 (<54 mg/dL) | 4.9 ± 6 | 3.6 ± 4 | 6.5 ± 7 |
| 36 week CGM | |||
| TAR | 1.4 ± 2 | 0.75 ± 1 | 2.3 ± 3 |
| TIR | 80 ± 14 | 80.5 ± 18 | 79.3 ± 10 |
| TBR | 18.6 ± 15 | 19 ± 18 | 18 ± 13 |
| TB 54 | 6 ± 9 | 8.3 ± 11 | 3 ± 3 |
| SMBG | n = 9 | n = 5 | n = 4 |
| Number of SMBG (mean ± SD [range]) | 173 ± 108 (30-309) | 176 ± 115 (56-309) | 170 ± 114 (50-285) |
| % above 140 mg/dL | 5.6 ± 5 | 4.2 ± 5 | 7.3 ± 6 |
| % 63-140 mg/dL | 92.3 ± 7 | 94.2 ± 4 | 90 ± 9 |
| % <63 mg/dL | 2 ± 3 | 1.2 ± 1 | 3 ± 4 |
| % <53 mg/dL | 1.3 ± 3 | 0.4 ± 1 | 2.5 ± 4 |
| Maternal/fetal outcomes | |||
| GDM associated complications (n [%]) | 3 (30%) | 0 | 3 (75%) a |
| Delivery method (n [%]) | |||
| Vaginal | 6 (60%) | 3 (50%) | 3 b |
| C-section | 4 (40%) | 3 (50%) | 1 |
| Gestational age at delivery, wk (mean ± SD) | 38.4 ± 2.1 | 39.2 ± 1.1 | 37.1 ± 2.8 |
| Fetal weight (mean ± SD) | 3.15 ± 0.6 | 3.2 ± 0.4 | 3.1 ± 0.9 |
| Fetal weight percentile (mean ± SD [range]) | 48 ± 24 (13-92) | 39 ± 19 (13-65) | 62 ± 26 (35-92) |
| Fetal complications (n [%]) | 4 (40%) | 1 (17%) c | 3 (75%) d |
Abbreviations: CGM, continuous glucose monitoring; SMBG, self-management of blood glucose; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; TAR: time above range; TIR: time in range; TBR: time below range; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit.
a
Complications: Gestational hypertension in two participants, polyhydramnios and proteinuria in one participant.
b
Forceps assisted in one participant.
c
Tachypnea of newborn and NICU stay.
d
Tachycardia of newborn, apnea of prematurity, hypoglycemia.