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Schematic diagram of the role of thymoquinone in inhibiting cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis in pancreatic cancer (TQ, thymoquinone; MUC4, mucin 4; JNK, c-jun NH2 terminal kinases; p38 MAPK, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; ROS, reactive oxygen species; FAK, focal adhesion kinase; Bax, Bcl-2-associated X protein; Bcl-2, B cell leukemia/lymphoma-2).
