. 2023 Jan 4;10:1075184. doi: 10.3389/fped.2022.1075184

Table 3.

Proposed doses for possible vagolytics, muscle blockers and opioids for premedication before laryngoscopy.

Molecule	Class	Onset delay	Duration of action	Procedures	Doses according to corrected gestational age
Molecule	Class	Onset delay	Duration of action	Procedures	<28 weeks	28–32 weeks	>32 weeks
Vagolytic
Atropine	Vagolytic	1 min	2 h	Intubation	10–20 µg/kg
				LISA/MIST
				Laryngeal mask^a
Muscle blockers
Succinylcholine (Suxamethonium)	Muscle blocker (depolarizing)	1 min	3–10 min	Intubation	2 mg/kg
				LISA/MIST	Not recommended
				Laryngeal mask^a	N/A	2 mg/kg
Atracurium	Muscle blocker (non-depolarizing)	2 min	15–30 min	Intubation	0.3 mg/kg	0.5 mg/kg
				LISA/MIST	Not recommended
				Laryngeal mask^a	0.3 mg/kg	0.5 mg/kg
Mivacurium	Muscle blocker (non-depolarizing)	1.5–2 min	15–30 min	Intubation	0.2 mg/kg
				LISA/MIST	Not recommended
				Laryngeal mask^a	N/A	0.2 mg/kg
Rocuronium	Muscle blocker (non-depolarizing)	1–3 min	40–60 min	Intubation	0.5 mg/kg
				LISA/MIST	Not recommended
				Laryngeal mask^a	N/A	0.5 mg/kg
Opioids
Fentanyl	Opioid	1.5 min	T½: 9.5 h	Intubation	1–2 µg/kg	2–3 µg/kg	3–4 µg/kg
				LISA/MIST	?	1 µg/kg
				Laryngeal mask^a	N/A	2–3 µg/kg	3–4 µg/kg
Sufentanil	Opioid	30–60 s	15–20 min	Intubation	0.1–0.2 μg/kg	0.2–0.3 µg/kg
				LISA/MIST	?
				Laryngeal mask^a	N/A	0.2–0.3 µg/kg

LISA, less invasive surfactant administration; MIST, minimally invasive surfactant treatment; N/A, not applicable; IV, intravenous; IN, intranasal; T½, half-life.

^{^a}

In the absence of published data on premedication for laryngeal mask placement in neonates, these proposals are extrapolations of those made for tracheal intubation.