Table 1.

Sample characteristics for the overall study population and by those offered and not offered a patient portal, 2019–2020

		Offered a patient portalb
	All (N = 8028) (%)	Yes (61%, N = 4892) (%)	No (39%, N = 2993) (%)	Chi square
Gender
Female	53	57	47	χ2(1) = 75.14
Male	47	43	53	P < .001
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White	66	70	59
Non-Hispanic Black	12	10	14	χ2(4) = 131.76
Non-Hispanic Asian	5	5	5	P < .001
Non-Hispanic other or multiple races	3	3	3
Hispanic	14	11	19
Age (years)
18–34	23	23	24
35–46	18	19	17	χ2(3) = 22.50
47–64	36	38	34	P = .07
65+	22	20	24
Education
Less than high school	7	3	11
High school grad	2	18	28	χ2(3) = 414.87
Some college	40	42	37	P < .001
College grad	32	37	24
Income
<$35,000	27	20	36
$35,000–$74,000	31	30	31	χ2(2) = 262.16
>$75,000	43	49	33	P < .001
Location
Urban	87	88	87	χ2(1) = 3.06
Rural	13	12	13	P = .33
Insurance status
Insured	95	97	93	χ2(1) = 73.43
Uninsured	5	3	7	P < .001
Chronic condition
Yes	62	64	60	χ2(1) = 9.51
No	38	36	40	P = .05
Regular provider
Yes	72	78	61	χ2(1) = 261.52
No	28	22	39	P < .001
Internet access typesa
Broadband	39	44	32	χ2(1) = 126.01 P < .001
Cellular	60	66	52	χ2(1) = 153.37 P < .001
Wireless (Wi-Fi)	73	79	63	χ2(1) = 257.29 P < .001
Dial-up	2	1	3	χ2(1) = 20.66 P = .01
No internet access	13	6	24	χ2(1) = 501.55 P < .001

Note: Only includes respondents who had a healthcare visit in the past year. The last column reports results from a chi-square test of independence between respondent characteristics and being offered a patient portal

^aInternet access categories are not mutually exclusive.

^bExcludes 143 respondents who did not respond to the survey question about being offered a patient portal.