Table 1.

Characteristics of patients seen at influenza-like illness (ILI) outpatient clinics and severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) admitted to surveillance hospitals, the integrated acute respiratory infections surveillance system, Egypt 2010–2022.

Characteristic	Total ARI (n = 18,160)		ILI (n = 7923)		SARI (n = 10,237)		RR	95% CI	p-Value
	N	%	n	%	n	%
Mean age in years ± SD	40.1 ± 23		26.8 ± 19		50.3 ± 21		NA	NA	<0.001
Male gender	8640	47.6	3858	48.7	4782	46.7	1.1	1.0–1.01	0.01
Age group in years
0-4	1926	10.6	1251	15.8	675	6.6	2.7	2.4–2.9	<0.001
5-17	1882	10.4	1623	20.5	259	2.5	9.9	8.7–11.4	<0.001
18-49	7121	39.2	3964	50.0	3157	30.8	2.2	2.1–2.4	<0.001
50-64	4205	23.2	890	11.2	3315	32.4	0.3	0.2–0.3	<0.001
≥65	3026	16.7	195	2.5	2831	27.7	0.07	0.06–0.08	<0.001
Region
Urban governorates	7182	39.5	2782	35.1	4400	43.0	0.7	0.6–0.8	<0.001
Upper Egypt	5830	32.1	3235	40.8	2595	25.3	2.0	1.9–2.2	<0.001
Lower Egypt	5017	27.6	1811	22.9	3206	31.3	0.6	0.6–0.7	<0.001
Frontier governorates	131	0.7	95	1.2	36	0.4	3.4	2.3–5.1	<0.001
Season
Sept–Nov	4537	25.0	2088	26.4	2449	23.9	1.1	1.1–1.2	<0.001
Dec–Feb	5719	31.5	2836	35.8	2883	28.2	1.4	1.3–1.5	<0.001
Mar–May	4278	23.6	1654	20.9	2624	25.6	0.8	0.7–0.8	<0.001
Jun–Aug	3626	20.0	1345	17.0	2281	22.3	0.7	0.7–0.8	<0.001
Positive for tested viruses	6453	35.5	1778	22.4	4675	45.7	2.9	2.7–3.1	<0.001
Positive for SARS-CoV2	5620	30.9	1163	14.7	4457	43.5	10.8	9.1–12.8	<0.001
Positive for both SARS-CoV-2 and influenza	52	0.3	32	0.4	20	0.2	0.23	0.13–0.41	<0.001
Positive for influenza viruses:	781	4.3	583	7.4	198	1.9	0.09	0.08–0.10	<0.001
- Influenza A/H1pdm09	111	14.2	74	12.7	37	18.7	1.6	1.02–2.4	0.020
- Influenza A/H3	435	55.7	347	59.5	88	44.4	0.54	0.39–0.75	<0.001
- Influenza B	227	29.1	159	27.3	68	34.3	1.4	1.0–2.0	0.031
- > one influenza viral infection	8	1.0	3	0.5	5	2.5	5.0	1.2–21.2	0.016

CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation.