Table 1.

Treatment trials

References	Population focus	Focus	Key data collected	Sample n	Gender	Age	Ethnicity	Summary findings
Babbott [59]*	Non-clinical (NC)	Non-concurrent multiple baseline: Trialling acceptance and commitment therapy for disordered eating	EAT-26, AAQ, SWLS, SA-45	17	12% M 88% F	18–64	64.7% European, 5.9% Māori, 11.8% Indian, 11.8% Latin American, 5.9% South African	Significant decrease in eating pathology, but not general pathology
Bulik [18]	BN (BTS)	RCT: Results from end of RCT and follow-up at 6 and 12 months. Therapies were CBT + then randomisation to 1) exposure with response prevention to binges (B-ERP), 2) to purging (P-ERP) or 3) relaxation	Physiological, biological measures, self-report measures, SCID I and II, HDRS, GAF, EDI	135	F	17–45	BTS sample 91% European 6% Maori, Pasifika, Asian	All therapies were effective and did not differ on abstinence or binge purge frequency. B-ERP had advantage for other ED symptoms, and mood but this was not maintained over follow-up
Carter [60]	BN (BTS)	RCT: 3-year follow up of BTS	Structured interview of ED symptoms, EDI, HDRS, GAF	135 (113 at follow up)	F	17–45	BTS sample	At the 3-year follow-up, 85% of the sample had no current diagnosis of bulimia nervosa. Failure to complete CBT was associated with inferior outcome. No differential effects were found for exposure versus nonexposure-based treatment
Carter [61]	AN (ATS)	RCT: long-term efficacy of three psychotherapies for AN (ATS)	SCID (DSM-IV). Global AN symptom status,, physical, cognitive and behavioural ED measures, EDE, EDI-2, GAF, HDRS	43	F	17–40	ATS sample 100% European	SSCM advantage over CBT and IPT during treatment was not sustained. All effective bus no significant differences among treatments at follow-up
Clyne [62]	BED	Single case design with multiple baseline evaluation: preliminary trial of a psychoeducational group programme of emotion regulation for treatment of BED	Daily Log of Eating and Emotions, BES, QEWP, DASS, PSS, The COPE, EIS, TAS-20, ATSS	11	F	18–69	100% European	Reduced binge-eating, alexithymia, stress, and depression. Improvements in cognition. At 2/3 month follow up, all participants no longer met criteria for BED
Clyne [63]	BED	Non-randomised with waitlist control group: regulation of negative emotion as a possible BED treatment	QEWP, EDE, EDE-Q, BES, EES	23	F	18–65	91.3% European, 4.3% Māori, 4.3% Other	Treatment outcomes comparable to existing therapies for BED
Davey [64]*	BN, AN, EDNOS, NC	Quasi-experimental (non-randomised) 2-group comparison: Efficacy of two pre-treatment interventions focused on motivation. Groups were motivation + education versus motivation alone	EDE-Q4, BDI-II, Dflex, MSOC, Change Continuum	252	97% F, 3%M	11–62	88.5% European, 4.8% Māori, 4.8% Asian, 0.8% Pasifika, 0.4% South American, 0.8% Middle Eastern	Improvements in motivational stage of change were observed in both groups, while improvements in patient readiness, confidence and importance to change as well as treatment attendance were identified in the pure Motivation Group
de Hoedt Norgrove [65]*	Emotional eaters	Multiple baseline design: Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for emotional eating using a multiple baseline	Feedback questionnaire, MEAQ, valuing questionnaire, AAO, CES, GHQ, journal entries (e.g. frequency of unhealthy eating)	8	6 F 2 M	18–52	75% European, 12.5% European/Māori, 12.5% Māori/ Pasifika	Reduction in binge eating, associated with decreased experiential avoidance and cognitive inflexibility
McIntosh [17]	AN (ATS)	RCT: comparing efficacy of CBT versus IPT versus a control therapy (nonspecific supportive clinical management	Global AN symptom status, SCID for DSM-IV, EDE, HDRS, GAF, EDI-2	56	F	17–40	ATS sample 96% European	Nonspecific supportive clinical management (subsequently called SSCM) superior in completers and intention to treat analyses
McIntosh [66]	BN (BTS)	RCT: Long-term follow up of participants from RCT for BN	SCID, Structured interview of ED symptoms, EDI, HDRS, GAF	135 (109 at follow up)	F	14–45	BTS sample	Those in in SSCM group more likely to have a good outcome post-treatment, but no differences between groups at long-term (5 year) follow-up
McIntosh [19]	BED, BN (BEP)	RCT: efficacy of three therapies for binge eating: Standard CBT versus CBT augmented with schema therapy versus CBT with a focus on appetite	SCID-I and II, EDE-12, EDI-2, SCL-90-R	56	F	16–65	BEP sample	All groups improved but no significant differences between therapies
Mercier [67]*	BN	RCT: Tested intervention aiming to alter coping behaviours and cognitive processes in those with BN versus directly targeting clinical features. Wait-list control and follow-up design	General information questionnaire, DSSI-R, The Bulimia Test, Affectometer 2, BDI, RSES, STAI, TAI	24	F	19.3–41.1	Not stated	Decreased BN behaviours and cognitions following alternative intervention, little difference between intervention groups by 3 years
Roberts [68]	BN, AN	Single arm design: Efficacy and feedback on group cognitive remediation therapy	Dflex, Autism Quotient, EDE-Q, DASS-21, BMI, qualitative questionnaire	28	96% F 4% M	M 25.07 (SD 8.25)	Not stated	Intervention was effective and had positive qualitative feedback
Then [69]*	AN	Single arm design: Efficacy of metacognitive therapy modified for the treatment of A	BMI, EDE-Q, MCQ-30, TCQ	12	Not stated	M 22.17 (SD 5.17)	1 NZE, 2 Māori, 3 Samoan, 4 Cook island, 5 Tongan, 6 Niuean, 7 Chinese, 8 Indian, 9 other	Mixed results but there were reductions in patients positive beliefs about worry, depressive symptoms, worries and rumination levels following metacognitive therapy
Wallis [70]*	BED	Quasi-experimental (non-randomised intervention) with control: Teaching emotional discrimination and management in a group programme for those with BED	EDI-2, MHO, BDI, BAI, EES, COPE, GHQ	6 (BED n = 3, NC n = 3)	F	25–47	83% European, 17% Māori	EDI-2, EES, BDI, BAI, and COPE results indicated positive results following the programme
Wilksch [71]	NC (MS -T)	RCT: Trialling online programs for efficacy in reducing risk of disordered eating in an Australasian sample	EDE-Q	575	F	18–25	82.2% European, 8.8% Asian, other not stated	Media Smart Targeted program reduction in DE
Wilksch [72]	BED, BN, AN, OSFED, NC (MS—T)	RCT: Programme seeking to reduce risk of eating disorder diagnosis in NZ and Australia	EDE-Q	316 (MS-T n = 122 (baseline ED diagnosis n = 90): CT = 194 (baseline ED diagnosis n = 130))	F	M 20.8 (SD 2.26)	MS-T sample	At 12-month follow up MS-T participants were 75% less likely than controls to meet ED criteria, this finding was also significant amongst both non-treatment seekers and treatment seekers
Wilksch [73]	NC	RCT: An online 9-module eating disorder risk reduction program (Media Smart—Targeted (MS-T)) and control condition (positive body-image tips)	DASS-21, Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (dependence on alcohol, dependence on recreational drugs, high suicidality)	316	F	18–25	States most common is European and Asian	MS-T shows positive effect on eating disorder risk, as well as other mental health factors

NC non-clinical, RCT randomised-controlled trial, EAT Eating Attitudes Questionnaire, AAQ Acceptance and Action Questionnaire, SWLS Satisfaction with Life Scale, SA-45 Symptom Assessment-45 Questionnaire, SCID Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders, HDRS Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, GAF Global Assessment of Functioning Scale, EDI Eating Disorders Inventory, EDE Eating Disorder Examination, BES Binge Eating Scale, QEWP Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Patterns, COPE Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Inventory, EI Emotional Intelligence, TAS-20 Toronto Alexithymia Scale, ATSS Activated Thoughts in Simulated Situations, EDE Eating Disorders Examination interview, EDE-Q Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire, EES Emotional Empathy Scale, BDI Beck Depression Inventory, Dflex Detail and Flexibility Questionnaire, MSOC Motivational Stages of Change, MEAQ Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire, AAQ The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire, CES Compulsive Eating Scale, GHQ General Health Questionnaire, CSPRS-AN Collaborative Study Psychotherapy Rating Scale—Anorexia Nervosa, SCL-90-R Symptom Checklist-90-Revised, DSSI-R Delusions-Symptoms-State Inventory-Revised, RSES Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, STAI State Trait Anxiety Inventory, TAI Test Anxiety Inventory, DASS Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale, PSS Perceived Stress Scale, EIS Emotional Intelligence Scale, BMI body mass index, MCQ Metacognition Questionnaire, TCQ Thought Control Questionnaire, MHO Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire, COPE Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced

*Identifies that the record is a thesis