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. 2023 Jan 17;11:8. doi: 10.1186/s40337-022-00717-4

Table 1.

Risk factors associated with EDs

Risk factor category Features of risk factor Associated ED
Genetic See Sect. Introduction and Table 2 for details AN, BN, BED
Gut microbial dysbiosys Escherichia Coli (CIpB) AN
Autoimmune disease Diabetes, inflammatory gastrointestinal disease AN, BN, EDNOS
Childhood weight status Low BMI AN
High BMI BN, BED
Relationship with parents Parent perception that the child is overweight AN-BP, BN, BED, PD
Parental teasing about weight AN-BP, BN, BED
Perceived pressure from parents to eat ARFID
Neglect/abuse/trauma AN, BN, BED, PD
Post-traumatic stress disorder BED
Personality traits Perfectionism AN-R, A-AN
Obsession AN-R, A-AN
Impulsiveness AN-BP, BN, BED, PD
Comorbid conditions Obsessive compulsive disorder AN
Social anxiety disorder BN, AN
Borderline personality disorder BN, BED, PD
Bipolar disorder BN, BED
Depression All EDs
Social/environmental Exposure to ‘thin ideal’ All ED
Body dissatisfaction BN, BED, PD
Early puberty development BN, AN
Food insecurity Binge eating behaviours
High educational attainment Restricting type ED behaviours
Involvement in elite sports All ED

ED eating disorder; AN anorexia nervosa; BN bulimia nervosa; BED binge eating disorder; EDNOS eating disorder not otherwise specified; BMI body mass index; AN-BP anorexia nervosa (binge-purge subtype); PD personality disorder; ARFID avoidant restrictive food intake disorder; AN-R anorexia nervosa (restrictive subtype); A-AN atypical AN