Table 2.
Hopelessness and loneliness among adolescents and young adults by gender.
| Total sample (N = 2508) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adolescents (n = 1413) |
Young adults (n = 1095) |
|||||
| Variables | Males (n = 621) | Females (n = 792) | p [ES] | Males (n = 451) | Females (n = 644) | p [ES] |
| Beck hopelessness scale, M ± SD | 5.5 ± 3.1 | 6.0 ± 3.5 | 0.004 [0.15]a | 5.9 ± 3.4 | 6.3 ± 3.5 | 0.070 [0.12]a |
| Normal range, n(%) | 172(27.8) | 205(25.9) | 0.047 [0.08]b | 103(22.8) | 142(22.0) | 0.461 [0.05]b |
| Mild | 353(56.8) | 448(56.6) | 269(59.7) | 364(56.7) | ||
| Moderate | 89(14.3) | 112(14.1) | 65(14.4) | 116(18.0) | ||
| Severe | 7(1.1) | 27(3.4) | 14(3.1) | 21(3.3) | ||
| UCLA Loneliness Scale, M ± SD | 35.9 ± 9.6 | 37.9 ± 10.1 | <0.001 [0.20]a | 37.4 ± 10.1 | 38.0 ± 9.6 | 0.376 [0.06]a |
| No/low, n(%) | 130(20.9) | 111(14.0) | 0.003 [0.09]b | 68,815.1 | 75(11.6) | 0.153 [0.06]b |
| Moderate | 344(55.4) | 485(61.2) | 263(58.3) | 408(63.4) | ||
| High | 147(23.7) | 196(24.8) | 120(26.6) | 161(25.0) | ||
Notes. [ES]: effect size.
a
Hedges's g.
b
Cramer's V.