Table 3.

Univariate and multivariate analysis for hopelessness and loneliness.

	Hopelessness		Loneliness
Characteristics	Univariate	Multivariate	Univariate	Multivariate
	OR (95%CI)	aOR (95%CI)	OR (95%CI)	aOR (95%CI)
Gender
Male	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Female	1.2 [1.0–1.5]	1.2 [0.9–1.5]	1.0 [1.8–1.2]	0.9 [0.7–1.1]
Age
Adolescents	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Young adults	1.2 [1.0–1.5]	1.2 [1.0–1.6]	1.1 [0.9–1.3]	1.2 [0.9–1.4]
BMI Zscore	1.1 [1.0–1.3]	1.1 [0.9–1.2]	1.1 [1.0–1.2]	1.1 [1.0–1.2]
Aerobic exercise
No change	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Decreased	1.3 [1.0–1.6]	1.1 [0.8–1.5]	1.1 [0.8–1.3]	0.9 [0.7–1.3]
Increased	1.1 [0.8–1.6]	0.9 [0.6–1.4]	1.3 [0.9–1.7]	0.9 [0.6–1.4]
Muscle strengthening
No change	ref	ref	ref	ref
Decreased	1.4 [1.1–1.8]	1.2 [0.9–1.6]	1.1 [0.9–1.3]	0.9 [0.7–1.2]
Increased	1.2 [0.9–1.6]	1.1 [0.8–1.6]	1.3 [1.0–1.6]	1.2 [0.8–1.6]
Screen time
No change	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Decreased	1.7 [1.1–2.8]	2.1 [1.2–3.5]	1.5 [1.1–2.0]	1.9 [1.1–3.2]
Increased	0.9 [0.8–1.1]	0.9 [0.7–1.1]	1.2 [0.9–1.5]	0.8 [0.6–1.0]
Self-rated health status
No change	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Decreased	1.4 [1.1–1.8]	1.1 [0.8–1.5]	1.5 [1.2–1.8]	1.3 [1.0–1.7]
Increased	1.1 [0.8–1.6]	1.0 [0.7–1.6]	1.5 [1.1–2.1]	1.3 [0.9–1.9]
Self-rated sleep duration
No change	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Decreased	1.5 [1.1–2.0]	1.3 [0.9–1.8]	1.2 [0.9–1.6]	1.0 [0.7–1.4]
Increased	1.2 [0.9–1.5]	1.0 [0.7–1.6]	1.0 [0.8–1.2]	1.0 [0.8–1.3]
Number of close friends	1.6 [1.6–1.7]	1.7 [1.6–1.8]	1.4 [1.4–1.5]	1.5 [1.4–1.5]
Well-being
No change	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Decreased	1.4 [1.1–1.7]	1.1 [0.8–1.4]	1.3 [1.1–1.6]	1.1 [0.8–1.4]
Increased	0.9 [0.7–1.3]	1.0 [0.7–1.4]	1.1 [0.9–1.4]	1.0 [0.7–1.4]
Self-rated loneliness
Sometimes	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Often	5.3 [4.0–7.1]	4.4 [3.2–6.0]	6.8 [5.1–9.0]	6.5 [4.7–9.0]
Very often	8.6 [5.9–12.7]	6.5 [4.3–9.8]	15.0 [9.6–23.3]	13.9 [8.6–22.6]

Notes. OR: odds ratio, aOR: multivariate-adjusted odds ratio, 95%CI: confidence interval, ref.: reference group.