Fig. 4.

a, b Parental stress cluster membership in a TD children and b children with ASD. c Bar plots depicting PSI Child and Parent domain T scores (y-axis) by Stress Cluster (x-axis) with standard error bars. d–i Boxplots displaying scores for each PSI child-related subscale, in each cluster. j–q Boxplots displaying scores for each PSI parent-related subscale, in each cluster. Child-related stress subscales include: child’s d distractibility/hyperactivity, e adaptability, f demandingness, g child mood, h the extent to which the parent experiences interactions with the child as reinforcing, and i the extent to which child’s characteristics meet parental expectations (acceptability). Non-child-related stress subscales include: parent’s sense of j competence, k parent’s affective status, l perceived emotional and physical support from the parenting partner, m parent’s overall health, n sense of isolation and social support, o sense of attachment to the child, p sense of role restriction and constrained personal identity, and q overall life stress. For d–q, dashed lines indicate clinically significant threshold (at 90th percentile)