Table 2.
The characteristics and risk factors analysis between patients developed and not developed ACLF in HBV-C-ADs
| Parameters | Developed ACLF (n = 34) | Not developed ACLF (n = 85) | P value | HBV-C-ADs (n = 119) | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95 CI%) | P value | HR (95 CI%) | P value | |||||
| Age (years) | 61 ± 14 | 59 (48–71) | 0.381 | 59 (48–71) | NA | 0.818 | ||
| Gender (male, %) | 16 (47.1) | 50 (58.8) | 0.308 | 66 (55.5) | 0.98 (0.72–1.07) | 0.321 | ||
| HBe Ag ( +), n (%) | 15 (44.1) | 30 (35.3) | 0.407 | 45 (37.8) | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | 0.462 | ||
| HBV DNA, (IU/mL) | ||||||||
| < 500 | 16 (47.1) | 27 (31.8) | 0.180 | 43 (36.1) | Reference | Reference | ||
| 500–105 | 9 (26.5) | 37 (43.5) | 46 (38.7) | 0.76 (0.39–0.99) | 0.063 | |||
| > 105 | 9 (26.5) | 21 (24.7) | 30 (25.2) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.885 | |||
| Clinical complications at enrollment, n (%) | ||||||||
| Ascites | 20 (58.8) | 64 (75.3) | 0.118 | 84 (70.6) | 0.95 (0.91–1.08) | 0.077 | ||
| Bacterial infection | 11 (32.4) | 14 (16.5) | 0.080 | 25 (21.8) | 2.89 (1.77–5.22) | < 0.01 | 2.01 (1.56–3.03) | < 0.05 |
| Hepatic encephalopathy | 12 (35.3) | 18 (21.2) | 0.160 | 30 (25.2) | 1.89 (1.41–2.13) | < 0.05 | 1.50 (1.13–1.91) | < 0.05 |
| Gastrointestinal hemorrhage | 4 (11.7) | 0 | < 0.01 | 4 (3.4) | 3.11 (2.10–3.82) | < 0.01 | 1.85 (0.99–2.76) | 0.084 |
| Laboratory parameters | ||||||||
| ALT, U/L | 88 (26–201) | 131 (49–254) | 0.149 | 102 (33–211) | 0.89 (0.51–1.11) | 0.540 | ||
| AST, U/L | 67 (19–166) | 101 (33–205) | 0.070 | 89 (25–177) | 0.61 (0.39–1.18) | 0.073 | ||
| Tbil, mg/dL | 4.10 (2.10–7.01) | 2.80 ± 1.60 | < 0.05 | 3.72 ± 2.20 | 2.22 (1.52–3.25) | < 0.05 | 1.08 (0.99–1.26) | 0.671 |
| Albumin, g/L | 31.0 ± 5.9 | 30.3 (26.2–34.8) | 0.654 | 30.9 (27.6–35.8) | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 0.821 | ||
| INR | 1.52 (1.38–1.70) | 1.33 (1.12–1.42) | < 0.05 | 1.42 (1.30 ± 1.62) | 1.89 (1.28–2.71) | < 0.05 | 1.11 (0.94–1.68) | 0.447 |
| Creatinine, μmol/L | 67.1 ± 8.0 | 55.1 (41.0–69.8) | 0.062 | 60.1 (45.9–72.3) | 1.17 (0.42–3.47) | 0.692 | ||
| Urea, mmol/L | 4.22 (3.01–6.27) | 2.92 (2.32–5.03) | < 0.05 | 3.10 (2.70–4.92) | 1.69 (1.34–2.76) | < 0.05 | 1.21 (0.94–1.73) | 0.221 |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 5.91 (4.78–7.98) | 6.22 (5.03–8.49) | 0.324 | 6.09 (4.91–8.07) | 1.00 (1.00–1.02) | 0.323 | ||
| WBC, 109/L | 5.25 ± 1.10 | 6.11 (4.60–8.23) | 0.419 | 5.61 (4.10–7.34) | 0.92 (0.88–1.06) | 0.532 | ||
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 111 ± 13 | 108 (91–121) | 0.822 | 109 ± 16 | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | 0.803 | ||
| Platelet, 109/L | 84 (58–112) | 103 (77–151) | < 0.05 | 94 (62–139) | 0.78 (0.37–0.98) | < 0.05 | 0.90 (0.57–1.06) | 0.622 |
| C3, g/L | 0.50 ± 0.12 | 0.80 (0.65–0.91) | < 0.001 | 0.72 ± 0.25 | 0.17 (0.10–0.41) | < 0.001 | 0.32 (0.16–0.53) | < 0.01 |
| Prognostic score | ||||||||
| COSSH-ACLFs | 6.1 ± 0.8 | 5.4 ± 0.8 | < 0.001 | 5.8 (4.8–6.1) | 1.88 (1.16–2.44) | < 0.05 | 1.06 (0.52–2.00) | 0.333 |
| COSSH ACLF IIs | 5.7 (5.2–7.0) | 5.1 (4.5–5.7) | < 0.001 | 5.2 (4.8–6.0) | 2.30 (1.42–3.91) | < 0.01 | 1.84 (1.11–2.73) | < 0.05 |
Patients with cirrhosis who developed a first episode of AD at the time of hospital admission or within 2 weeks before admission were assigned to the HBV-C-AD group. The categorical data between two groups were compared with Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test. The continuous data between two groups were compared by t test or Mann–Whitney test. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were then used to assess the associations between various risk factors and different clinical outcomes, as indicated
ACLF acute-on-chronic liver failure, AD acute decompensation, HR Hazard Ratio, ALT alanine aminotransferase, AST aspartate aminotransferase, Tbil total bilirubin, INR international normalised ratio, WBC white blood cells, C3 complement component 3, COSSH Chinese group on the study of severe hepatitis B, NA not available