Table 2.

Measurement invariance testing: Summary of the goodness-of-fit statistics.

Measurement invariance	Yuan-Bentler χ2	df	p-value	CFI	RMSEA		ΔCFI	Chi-square difference test p-value
Gender
Configural invariance	1247.614	578	<0.001	0.921	0.040
Weak invariance	1264.055	599	<0.001	0.922	0.40	Model 1 vs. model 2	0.001	0.571
Strong invariance	1320.185	620	<0.001	0.918	0.040	Model 2 vs. model 3	0.004	<0.001
General achievement level
Configural invariance	1578.162	867	<0.001	0.914	0.042
Weak invariance	1621.897	909	<0.001	0.914	0.041	Model 1 vs. model 2	0.000	0.313
Strong invariance	1732.054	951	<0.001	0.906	0.042	Model 2 vs. model 3	0.008	<0.001
Home language
Configural invariance	1246.103	578	<0.001	0.922	0.040
Weak invariance	1263.709	599	<0.001	0.922	0.040	Model 1 vs. model 2	0.000	0.478
Strong invariance	1292.342	620	<0.001	0.922	0.039	Model 2 vs. model 3	0.000	0.159

df, degrees of freedom; CFI, comparative fit index; RMSEA, root mean square error of approximation.