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. 2023 Jan 18;4(3):e140–e148. doi: 10.1016/S2666-5247(22)00337-8

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© 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license

Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

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Cellular and functional immune response against SARS-CoV-2

IFNγ⁺ cells after stimulation with SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD class 1 and class 2 restricted pooled peptides on CD4⁺ T cells (A) and CD8⁺ T cells (B). Values are corrected for activation (no peptide). (C) SARS-CoV-2 neutralisation responses. The red line indicates the WHO 20/136 standard. (D) Virus neutralisation of alpha (B.1.1.7), beta (B.1.351), delta (B.1.617.2), and FR-4286 (B.1). Red stars indicate PRNT₅₀ values of the WHO standard 20/136. (E) Neutralisation titres (ID₅₀) from vaccination groups 3A (n=3), 3B (n=3), and 6 (n=9) against the ancestral D614G, delta, and omicron SARS-CoV-2 variants. I1–3=3 days before the first vaccination. I1+14=14 days after first vaccination. I2–3=3 days before the second vaccination. I2+14=14 days after second vaccination. RBD=receptor binding domain. ID₅₀=50% inhibitory dilution. PRNT₅₀=50% plaque reduction neutralisation test.