Table 2.

Clinical studies of the use of CBD in chronic pain models in dogs and cats.

Pain model	Compound	Species	Route	Dosage	Period	Results	Reference
OA	CBD oil	Dog	Oral	2 mg/kg/12 h	4 w	Based on the Hudson Activity Scores, the activity level increased. Pain was significantly decreased, as was shown by the Canine Brief Pain Inventory scoring system (p < 0.01). Concomitant use of NSAIDs reduced lameness scores (p = 0.03). Veterinary pain scores showed a decrease from baseline in dogs on NSAIDs (p < 0.01)	Gamble et al. (30)
OA	CBD oil	Dog	Oromucosal	2 mg/kg/12 h	12 w	According to the Canine Brief Pain Inventory scoring system, the addition of CBD to anti-inflammatory drugs (firocoxib or prednisone), gabapentin and amitriptyline (multimodal therapy) reduced the pain severity (p = 0.0002 to 0.016) and increased the Quality-of-Life index (p = 0.003)	Brioschi et al. (63)
Lameness (OA)	Naked CBD Liposomal CBD	Dog	Oral	0.5 mg/kg or 1.2 mg/kg for naked CBD or 20 mg/day liposomal CBD (three groups)	4 w	Significantly decreased pain (p ≤ 0.01) and increased mobility (walking, running, and standing position) in a dose-dependent association (50 mg/kg naked CBD or 20 mg/kg liposomal CBD), and the effect remained 15 days after cessation of therapy	Verrico et al. (64)
Chronic maladaptive (OA)	CBD oil	Dog	Oral	0.25 mg/kg/12 h 0.5–0.75 mg/kg/ 12 h	90 d	Using the Cincinnati Orthopedic Disability index as a pain assessment every 2 weeks, CBD reduced the pain scores from 3.2 ± 2.2 to 0.97 ± 0.81 Additionally, gabapentin doses were reduced by 20 to 40% in some dogs	Kogan et al. (91)
OA	CBD	Dog	Oral	1 mg/kg/12 h	30 d	From day 3, the pain was reduced by 32% (81 to 54 points by day 30), according to the Canine Brief Pain Inventory in dogs	Furtado de Álava (92)
Sarcoma	THC/CBD oil	Cat	Topical oral	0.2 mg/kg/12 h 0.05 cc	10 d	Extracted cannabis oil diluted with normal saline (1:5) reduced the pain caused by the sarcoma growth and reduced its size from 5 to 1.5 cm	Buranakarn (93)

d, days; h, hours; w, weeks; OA, osteoarthritis.