Table 3.
Relative risk (RR) of using methods to mitigate the economic shock associated with pre-pandemic psychological distress trajectories in the NCDS and BCS70 during the COVID-19 pandemic
| Outcomes during COVID Ref: No symptoms |
NCDS (n = 15,291) | BCS70 (n = 16,128) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stable low | Adult onset | Midlife onset | Stable high | Early-adult onset | Adult onset | Midlife onset | Stable high | |
| Any new benefit claims March 2020–Feb/March 2021 | ||||||||
|
0.95 [0.81, 1.12] |
1.11 [0.92, 1.35] |
1.21 [1.02, 1.42] |
1.31 [1.11, 1.55] |
1.21 [1.02, 1.43] |
1.25 [1.04, 1.50] |
1.41 [1.20, 1.66] |
1.43 [1.23, 1.67] |
|
| Payment holidays March 2020–Feb/March 2021 | ||||||||
|
0.98 [0.77, 1.26] |
1.37 [1.03, 1.82] |
1.29 [0.99, 1.69] |
1.72 [1.31, 2.25] |
1.34 [1.10, 1.64] |
1.13 [0.88, 1.44] |
1.16 [0.92, 1.46] |
1.30 [1.08, 1.57] |
|
| Increased financial help from family and friends | ||||||||
|
1.45 [0.98, 2.15] |
2.05 [1.36, 3.10] |
1.80 [1.06, 2.80] |
2.85 [1.87, 4.35] |
1.34 [0.83, 2.17] |
1.79 [1.21, 2.63] |
1.73 [1.19, 2.51] |
1.73 [1.18, 2.54] |
|
| Other methods for mitigating economic shock | ||||||||
| Spending less |
1.07 [0.93, 1.24] |
1.27 [1.06, 1.53] |
1.06 [0.97, 1.24] |
1.31 [1.12, 1.53] |
1.07 [0.87, 1.31] |
1.25 [1.00, 1.57] |
1.32 [1.08, 1.61] |
1.41 [1.21, 1.62] |
| Using savings |
0.93 [0.78, 1.12] |
1.17 [0.94, 1.45] |
1.23 [1.01, 1.51] |
1.46 [1.25, 1.70] |
1.22 [0.96, 1.55] |
1.59 [1.30, 1.95] |
1.45 [1.16, 1.82] |
1.60 [1.33, 1.92] |
| Borrowing from bank or using credit card |
0.97 [0.59, 1.59] |
1.62 [0.93, 2.82] |
1.41 [0.78, 2.55] |
2.59 [1.74, 3.83] |
1.57 [1.04, 2.37] |
1.66 [1.10, 2.52] |
0.96 [0.62, 1.50] |
1.88 [1.27, 2.77] |
| Borrowing from friends and family |
0.97 [0.44, 2.15] |
1.98 [0.97, 4.03] |
1.62 [0.82, 3.22] |
2.44 [1.37, 4.35] |
1.37 [0.80, 2.34] |
1.00 [0.54, 1.85] |
1.84 [1.12, 3.04] |
2.93 [2.02, 4.24] |
| On Universal Credit (Jan 2020-March 2021) | ||||||||
|
0.83 [0.61, 1.23] |
1.47 [1.18, 1.84] |
1.45 [1.12, 1.88] |
2.10 [1.65, 2.66] |
1.20 [0.93, 1.56] |
1.74 [1.39, 2.16] |
1.38 [1.03, 1.85] |
1.65 [1.31, 2.08] |
|
Parameters are adjusted for sex, breastfed, mother smoked during pregnancy, gestation period, birthweight, parental social class at 0, parental education at 0, parental income, housing tenure at 7/5, access to house amenities at 7/5, total household income at 0, crowding at age 0, 7/5 and 11/10, parents marital status at 0, maternal age at birth, mother worked in first five years, separated from child for more than a month < age 5, read to at 7/5, CM wet the bed at 7/5, had any medical conditions at 7/5, Body Mass Index (BMI) at 11/10, and cognitive ability at 7/5 and 11/10
RR Relative Risk, 95% CIs 95% confidence intervals