. 2023 Jan 18;24:30. doi: 10.1186/s12864-023-09115-9

Table 2.

Genes present in fourteen sequenced chloroplast genomes

Category for genes	Group of genes	Name of genes
Photosynthesis	Subunits of photosystem I	psaA, psaB, psaC, psaI, psaJ
	Subunits of photosystem II	psbA, psbB, psbC, psbD, psbE, psbF, psbH, psbI, psbJ, psbK, psbL, psbM, psbN, psbT, psbZ
	Subunits of cytochrome b/f complex	petA, petB^a, petD^a, petG, petL, petN,
	Subunits of ATP synthase	atpA, atpB, atpE, atpF^a, atpH, atpI
	Subunits of NADH dehydrogenase	ndhA^a, ndhB(×2)^a, ndhC, ndhD, ndhE, ndhF, ndhG, ndhH, ndhI,
	Subunits of NADH dehydrogenase	ndhJ, ndhK
	Subunit of rubisco	rbcL
Self-replication	RNA polymerase	rpoA, rpoB, rpoC1^a, rpoC2
	Large subunit of ribosomal proteins	rpl2(×2)^a, rpl14, rpl16^a, rpl20, rpl22, rpl23(× 2), rpl32, rpl33
	Large subunit of ribosomal proteins	rpl36
	Small subunit of ribosomal proteins	rps2, rps3, rps4, rps7(×2), rps8, rps11, rps12(× 2)^a, rps14,
	Small subunit of ribosomal proteins	rps15, rps16^a, rps18, rps19(×2)
	Ribosomal RNAs	rrn4.5(×2), rrn5(× 2), rrn16(× 2), rrn23(× 2)
	Transfer RNAs	trnA-UGC(×2)^a, trnC-GCA, trnD-GUC, trnE-UUC, trnF-GAA, trnfM-CAU, trnG-GCC^a, trnG-UCC, trnH-GUG(× 2), trnI-CAU (× 2), trnI-GAU(× 2)^a, trnK-UUU^a, trnL-CAA(× 2), trnL-UAA^a, trnL-UAG, trnM-CAU, trnN-GUU(× 2), trnP-UGG, trnQ-UUG, trnR-ACG(× 2), trnR-UCU, trnS-GCU, trnS-GGA, trnS-UGA, trnT-GGU, trnT-UGU, trnV-GAC(× 2), trnV-UAC^a, trnW-CCA, trnY-GUA
Other genes	Subunit of acetyl-coA-carboxylase	accD
	c-type cytochrome synthesis gene	ccsA
	Envelop membrane protein	cemA
	Protease	clpP^b
	Translational initiation factor	infA
	Maturase	matK
Unknown function	Conserved open reading frames	ycf1(×2), ycf2(×2), ycf3^b, ycf4

(×2): gene with two copies; ^agene containing one intron; ^bgene containing two introns;