Table 2.
Overview of the available data on genome sizes, chromosome numbers and guard cell sizes in species of Polylepis. Where possible, literature records were assigned to this taxonomy, but a few data points (especially from the hybrid zone at Mojanda, Ecuador) had to be excluded because they could not be unambiguously assigned to a species. Depending on data source, we report the mean ± standard deviation, only the mean or a range. Data sources: 1. Kessler (1995b); 2. Quijia Lamiña et al. (2010); 3. Montalvo (2013); 4. Zurita et al. (2013); 5. Segovia-Salcedo and Quijia-Lamiña 2014; 6. Segovia-Salcedo (2014); 7. Kessler et al. (2014); 8. Caiza et al. (2018); 9. Boza et al. (2020). Abbreviations: Ar = Argentina, Ec = Ecuador, cult. = cultivated (in botanical garden), ind. = individuals, pl = planted.
| Species | Genome size | Chromosome number | Guard cell length | Inferred ploidy levels (2n = /x =) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voucher/locality | Size (pg) | Voucher/locality | N | Voucher/locality | Length (µm) | ||
| Section Sericeae | |||||||
| Subsection Lanuginosae | |||||||
| P.lanuginosa | 3 ind. Sangay, Ec 6 | 1.42 ± 0.13 | diploid / x = 6 | ||||
| 6 ind. Zhud, Ec 2 | 38–42 | ||||||
| Laegaard 55036 1 | 10.8 ± 1.4 | ||||||
| Laegaard 102637 1 | 11.8 ± 1.6 | ||||||
| P.multijuga | Boza 3070 9 | 11.0 ± 2.0 | diploid / x = 6 | ||||
| Boza 3074 9 | 11.2 ± 1.7 | ||||||
| Boza 3076 9 | 12.8 ± 2.3 | ||||||
| Subsection Pauta | |||||||
| P.longipilosa | Jaramillo 10862 9 | 10.3 ± 1.6 | diploid / x = 6 | ||||
| P.pauta | 2 ind. Oyacachi, Ec 6 | 3.21 ± 0.04 | tetraploid / x = 12 plus aneuploids; perhaps also diploid / x = 6 | ||||
| 2 ind. Oyacachi, Ec 6 | 3.37 ± 0.18 | ||||||
| 25 ind. Papallacta, Ec 2, 5 | 67–83 | ||||||
| 16 ind. Papallacta, Ec 6 | 72 | ||||||
| 15 ind. Cayambe-Coca, Ec. 3 | 68–77 | ||||||
| Kessler 2749 1 | 12.5 ± 1.8 | ||||||
| Laegaard 102327 1 | 16.5 ± 2.8 | ||||||
| P.pauta | Oyacachi, Ec 8 | 14.4 ± 2.5 | |||||
| Papallacta, Ec 8 | 12.3 ± 1.9 | ||||||
| Papallacta, Ec 9 | 12.7 ± 1.9 | ||||||
| Papallacta, Ec 9 | 12.7 ± 2.1 | ||||||
| Papallacta, Ec 9 | 16.6 ± 1.6 | ||||||
| P.serrata | Cult. Göttingen 1 | 1.57 ± 0.11 | Cult. Göttingen 1 | 10.6 ± 0.9 | diploid / x = 6 | ||
| Cult. Göttingen 1 | 1.61 ± 0.11 | Cult. Göttingen 1 | 12.7 ± 1.8 | ||||
| Subsection Sericeae | |||||||
| P.albicans | Boza 3014 9 | 10.8 ± 1.3 | diploid / x = 6 | ||||
| Frimer 44 9 | 13.5 ± 1.4 | ||||||
| Renvoize 5074 9 | 12.2 ± 1.2 | ||||||
| P.argentea | Cult. Göttingen 1 | 1.63 ± 0.15 | Cult. Göttingen 1 | 12.4 ± 2.4 | diploid / x = 6 | ||
| Cult. Göttingen 1 | 1.67 ± 0.15 | Cult. Göttingen 1 | 13.0 ± 1.7 | ||||
| Cult. Zurich 9 | 13.9 ± 1.7 | ||||||
| Chevarria 1035 9 | 13.4 ± 1.2 | ||||||
| Hanold 85 9 | 13.4 ± 1.2 | ||||||
| P.canoi | Kessler 2880 1 | 14.3 ± 2.6 | diploid / x = 6 | ||||
| P.frontinensis | Kessler 2772 9 | 11.5 ± 1.3 | diploid / x = 6 | ||||
| Kessler 2776 9 | 13.0 ± 1.3 | ||||||
| P.humboldtii | Carate 185 9 | 12.4 ± 1.4 | diploid / x = 6 | ||||
| P.loxensis | 25 ind. Fierro Urco, Ec 2, 5 | 39–42 | |||||
| Laegaard 19109 9 | 12.0 ± 1.5 | ||||||
| Lewis 3804 9 | 11.4 ± 1.1 | ||||||
| P.ochreata | 2 ind. Yanacocha, Ec 6 | 3.41 ± 0.09 | diploid / x = 6, tetraploid / x = 12, and hexaploid / x = 18; perhaps plus aneuploids or hybrids | ||||
| 2 ind. El Ángel, Ec 6 | 4.66 ± 0.57 | ||||||
| 8 ind. El Ángel, Ec 2, 5 | 37–40 | ||||||
| 9 ind. Yanacocha, Ec 2, 5 | 59–77 | ||||||
| 16 ind. Yanacocha, Ec 6 | 82 | ||||||
| 15 ind. Yanacocha, Ec 3 | 73–88 | ||||||
| Molau 2536 9 | 10.7 ± 1.3 | ||||||
| Laegaard 54474 9 | 11.9 ± 1.1 | ||||||
| Romoleroux 1060 9 | 11.7 ± 1.0 | ||||||
| Yanacocha, Ec 8 | 14.1 ± 2.3 | ||||||
| P.sericea | Dorr 5220 9 | 13.3 ± 1.8 | diploid / x = 6 | ||||
| Subsection Pepea | |||||||
| P.pepei | Kessler 2795 1 | 10.9 ± 1.6 | diploid / x = 6 | ||||
| Kessler 3386 1 | 11.8 ± 1.6 | ||||||
| P.rodolfo-vasquezii | Cult. Göttingen 1 | 1.60 ± 0.07 | Cult. Göttingen 1 | 10.2 ± 1.5 | diploid / x = 6 | ||
| Cult. Göttingen 1 | 1.70 ± 0.05 | Cult. Göttingen 1 | 10.8 ± 1.3 | ||||
| Section Reticulatae | |||||||
| P.hieronymi | Cult. Göttingen 1 | 1.52 ± 0.02 | Cult. Göttingen 1 | 12.6 ± 1.8 | diploid / x = 6 | ||
| Cult. Göttingen 1 | 1.49 ± 0.04 | Cult. Göttingen 1 | 11.9 ± 2.0 | ||||
| 52 ind. Ar 7 | 1.45–1.57 | ||||||
| Beck 9345 1 | 13.2 ± 1.8 | ||||||
| Kessler 3123 1 | 11.2 ± 1.0 | ||||||
| P.microphylla | Cult. Göttingen 1 | 1.53 ± 0.06 | Cult. Göttingen 1 | 13.9 ± 1.1 | diploid / x = 6 and tetraploid / x = 12 plus aneuploids | ||
| Cult. Göttingen 1 | 1.53 ± 0.07 | Cult. Göttingen 1 | 14.3 ± 2.2 | ||||
| 2 ind. Ozongoche, Ec 6 | 2.03 ± 0.22 | ||||||
| 8 ind. Achupallas, Ec 2, 6 | 70–82 | ||||||
| Galiano 1999 1 | 14.2 ± 1.8 | ||||||
| Achupallas, Ec 8 | 10.7 ± 1.9 | ||||||
| P.occidentalis | Diaz 2879 9 | 11.3 ± 1.2 | diploid / x = 6 | ||||
| Diaz 4012 9 | 10.8 ± 1.0 | ||||||
| Sánchez 10285 9 | 12.7 ± 1.6 | ||||||
| P.quadrijuga | Gradstein s.n 1 | 12.2 ± 1.7 | diploid / x = 6 | ||||
| Gradstein s.n 1 | 12.3 ± 2.0 | ||||||
| Olivares 570 9 | 14.3 ± 1.3 | ||||||
| P.reticulata | 11 ind. Soldados, Ec 2 | 36–42 | diploid / x = 6 plus higher ploidy (hexaploid / x = 18?; in cultivated plants only?) | ||||
| 3 ind. Oyacachi, Ec (pl) 6 | ~118 | ||||||
| Kessler 2746a 1 | 12.2 ± 1.4 | ||||||
| Laegaard 102691 1 | 10.0 ± 0.9 | ||||||
| Cajas, Ec 9 | 10.5 ± 1.8 | ||||||
| Cajas, Ec 9 | 12.3 ± 1.6 | ||||||
| Cajas, Ec 9 | 11.4 ± 1.4 | ||||||
| P.simpsoniae | 3 ind. Sangay, Ec 6 | 1.40 ± 0.08 | diploid / x = 6 | ||||
| 25 ind. Zhud, Ec 2 | 37–42 | ||||||
| 2 ind. Sangay, Ec 6 | 38 | ||||||
| Laegaard 102677 1 | 12.2 ± 1.0 | ||||||
| Cajas, Ec 9 | 9.1 ± 1.1 | ||||||
| P.weberbaueri | Acleto 364 1 | 12.3 ± 0.9 | diploid / x = 6 | ||||
| Boza 3018 9 | 14.1 ± 1.1 | ||||||
| Boza 3148 9 | 14.3 ± 1.5 | ||||||
| Smith 9568 9 | 14.9 ± 1.1 | ||||||
| Section Australes | |||||||
| P.australis | Cult. Göttingen 1 | 2.98 ± 0.06 | Cult. Göttingen 1 | 16.7 ± 2.6 | tetraploid / x = 12 and diploid / x = 6 plus triploid/ x = 9 hybrids and hexaploid / x = 18 autopolyploid derivate | ||
| Cult. Göttingen 1 | 3.03 ± 0.03 | Cult. Göttingen 1 | 17.4 ± 1.6 | ||||
| 261 indiv. 7 | 2.84–2.97 | ||||||
| 75 indiv. 7 | 1.44–1.54 | ||||||
| 24 indiv. 7 | 2.09–2.24 | ||||||
| 1 indiv. 7 | 4.15 | ||||||
| Kessler 3350 1 | 18.9 ± 1.9 | ||||||
| Lazaro 6695 9 | 17.6 ± 2.4 | ||||||
| Lorentz 760 1 | 12.8 ± 1.4 | ||||||
| Venturi 3010 9 | 12.2 ± 1.8 | ||||||
| w/colector 2330 9 | 15.5 ± 2.5 | ||||||
| Cult. Zurich 9 | 22.7 ± 2.7 | ||||||
| P.neglecta | Cult. Göttingen 1 | 1.54 ± 0.06 | Cult. Göttingen 1 | ~80 | Cult. Göttingen 1 | 13.9 ± 1.1 | diploid / x = 6; perhaps also tetraploid / x = 12 |
| Cult. Göttingen 1 | 1.55 ± 0.09 | Cult. Göttingen 1 | 14.3 ± 2.2 | ||||
| Kessler 3531 1 | 13.6 ± 2.3 | ||||||
| Kessler 3633 1 | 13.2 ± 2.0 | ||||||
| Section Subsericantes | |||||||
| P.flavipila | Boza 3163 9 | 17.9 ± 1.8 | tetraploid / x = 12 | ||||
| Boza 3167 9 | 16.0 ± 1.5 | ||||||
| Boza 3168 9 | 15.3 ± 1.6 | ||||||
| P.pilosissima | Kessler 3426 1 | 18.0 ± 2.0 | tetraploid / x = 12 | ||||
| Kessler 3591 1 | 17.2 ± 2.2 | ||||||
| Boza 3023 9 | 17.3 ± 1.6 | ||||||
| Cerrate 1265 9 | 15.6 ± 1.4 | ||||||
| Gentry 638 9 | 16.2 ± 1.3 | ||||||
| Kessler 3428 9 | 15.7 ± 1.1 | ||||||
| P.subsericans | Cult. Göttingen 1 | 3.12 ± 0.18 | Cult. Göttingen 1 | 16.6 ± 2.2 | tetraploid / x = 12 | ||
| Cult. Göttingen 1 | 3.21 ± 0.11 | Cult. Göttingen 1 | 17.3 ± 2.2 | ||||
| Toivonen s.n 1 | 18.3 ± 1.5 | ||||||
| Toivonen s.n 1 | 18.5 ± 2.4 | ||||||
| Sylvester 428 9 | 13.9 ± 1.2 | ||||||
| Sylvester 868 9 | 16.2 ± 1.7 | ||||||
| Sylvester 1287 9 | 15.9 ± 1.8 | ||||||
| Section Incanaee | |||||||
| Subsection Racemosae | |||||||
| P.acomayensis | Boza 3135 9 | 16.2 ± 1.8 | tetraploid / x = 12 | ||||
| Boza 3141 9 | 15.1 ± 1.4 | ||||||
| P.incarum | Jimenez 2716 1 | 18.3 ± 0.8 | tetraploid / x = 12 | ||||
| Kessler 3465 1 | 17.2 ± 1.9 | ||||||
| Jimenez 2716 9 | 17.6 ± 1.6 | ||||||
| Kessler 13515 9 | 16.9 ± 2.1 | ||||||
| Shepard 150 9 | 17.8 ± 2.2 | ||||||
| P.lanata | Kessler 2851 1 | 19.6 ± 2.1 | tetraploid / x = 12 | ||||
| Kessler 2962 1 | 18.8 ± 1.7 | ||||||
| P.pacensis | Kessler 3028 1 | 15.9 ± 2.7 | tetraploid / x = 12 | ||||
| Mendez & Arcienaga 14 1 | 17.7 ± 1.3 | ||||||
| Kessler 14528 9 | 19.2 ± 1.7 | ||||||
| Lopez & Bermejo 4 9 | 19.1 ± 1.9 | ||||||
| Lopez & Bermejo 10 9 | 19.7 ± 2.0 | ||||||
| P.racemosa (all pl) | 2 ind. Cotopaxi, Ec. 6 | 4.48 ± 0.19 | tetraploid / x = 12 to octoploid / x = 24, with many intermediate and aneuploid ploidy levels | ||||
| 2 ind. Cotopaxi, Ec. 6 | 2.63 ± 0.20 | ||||||
| 3 ind. Oyacachi, Ec. 6 | 4.57 ± 0.11 | ||||||
| 12 ind. Oyacachi, Ec 2, 5 | 80–82 | ||||||
| 2 ind. Oyacachi, Ec 2, 5 | 72–77 | ||||||
| 10 ind. Oyacaci, Ec. 6 | 62–80 | ||||||
| Ferreyra 12418 1 | 18.0 ± 1.6 | ||||||
| Papallacta, Ec 8 | 21.7 ± 3.8 | ||||||
| Oyacachi, Ec 8 | 17.6 ± 2.6 | ||||||
| Arce 161 9 | 17.2 ± 1.5 | ||||||
| Arce 167 9 | 15.1 ± 1.3 | ||||||
| Arce 207 9 | 13.8 ± 1.4 | ||||||
| Bird 1384 9 | 16.1 ± 1.3 | ||||||
| Boza 3020 9 | 16.7 ± 1.6 | ||||||
| Boza 3030 9 | 15.1 ± 1.0 | ||||||
| Boza 3031 9 | 14.2 ± 1.4 | ||||||
| Boza 3119 9 | 18.0 ± 1.5 | ||||||
| Ferreyra 3792 9 | 15.3 ± 1.6 | ||||||
| Kenehira 5 9 | 15.9 ± 1.1 | ||||||
| Kessler 14608 9 | 17.1 ± 1.1 | ||||||
| Laegaard 20465 9 | 19.8 ± 2.0 | ||||||
| Laegaard 22351 9 | 17.0 ± 1.9 | ||||||
| Leiva 741 9 | 14.9 ± 1.2 | ||||||
| Leiva 1090 9 | 16.4 ± 1.8 | ||||||
| Nuñez 8117 9 | 16.3 ± 1.3 | ||||||
| Renvoize 4847 9 | 17.7 ± 1.4 | ||||||
| Sánchez Vega 5322 9 | 13.5 ± 1.1 | ||||||
| Smith 11076 9 | 12.6 ± 1.0 | ||||||
| Soukup 3498 9 | 16.7 ± 1.5 | ||||||
| Stork 9972 9 | 16.6 ± 1.8 | ||||||
| Tovar 2371 9 | 15.3 ± 1.4 | ||||||
| Velásquez 12 9 | 16.3 ± 1.1 | ||||||
| West 3787 9 | 13.2 ± 2.2 | ||||||
| P.sacra | Cult. Göttingen 1 | 5.76 ± 0.26 | Cult. Göttingen 1 | 20.2 ± 3.3 | octoploid / x = 24; perhaps also tetraploid / x = 12 or intermediates | ||
| Cult. Göttingen 1 | 5.72 ± 0.15 | Cult. Göttingen 1 | 16.7 ± 3.3 | ||||
| Rosales 04 1 | 19.5 ± 0.8 | ||||||
| Sylvester 644 9 | 15.6 ± 1.4 | ||||||
| Sylvester 1262 9 | 22.1 ± 1.2 | ||||||
| Sylvester 1270 9 | 15.8 ± 1.3 | ||||||
| P.triacontandra | Cult. Göttingen 1 | ~80 | tetraploid / x = 12; perhaps also lower ploidy levels | ||||
| Beck 4976 1 | 18.9 ± 1.9 | ||||||
| Kessler 3420 1 | 20.4 ± 1.1 | ||||||
| Steudel 427 9 | 13.5 ± 1.9 | ||||||
| Steudel 431 9 | 14.1 ± 2.6 | ||||||
| Steudel 433 9 | 18.0 ± 2.1 | ||||||
| Subsection Besseria | |||||||
| P.besseri | Kessler 2989 1 | 20.4 ± 2.8 | tetraploid / x = 12 or higher ploidy level | ||||
| Kessler 2985 1 | 19.2 ± 1.9 | ||||||
| P.crista-galli | Beck 9343 1 | 16.6 ± 1.4 | tetraploid / x = 12 | ||||
| Kessler 3155 1 | 17.8 ± 2.1 | ||||||
| P.pallidistigma | Boza 3005 9 | 17.2 ± 1.9 | tetraploid / x = 12 | ||||
| Boza 3006 9 | 17.1 ± 2.2 | ||||||
| Boza 3007 9 | 18.5 ± 1.9 | ||||||
| Sylvester 1807 9 | 16.4 ± 1.4 | ||||||
| Sylvester 1816 9 | 17.3 ± 1.9 | ||||||
| Sylvester 1825 9 | 18.5 ± 1.9 | ||||||
| P.rugulosa | Ferreyra 2594 1 | 16.8 ± 1.9 | tetraploid / x = 12 | ||||
| P.subtusalbida | Beck 7395 9 | 22.1 ± 1.5 | tetraploid / x = 12 and higher ploidy level | ||||
| Kessler 216 9 | 23.4 ± 2.4 | ||||||
| Ritter 1196 9 | 15.9 ± 1.4 | ||||||
| Subsection Incanaee | |||||||
| P.fjeldsaoi | Mendoza 1019 9 | 11.9 ± 2.6 | diploid / x = 6 | ||||
| Mendoza 1032 9 | 13.3 ± 1.4 | ||||||
| Mendoza 1057 9 | 15.2 ± 1.7 | ||||||
| P.incana | 3 ind. Sincholagua, Ec 6 | 1.99 ± 0.34 | mainly diploid / x = 6 but also hexaploid / x = 18 (in cultivated plants only?) | ||||
| 3 ind. Illinizas, Ec 6 | 1.60 ± 0.14 | ||||||
| 3 ind. Inga-Raya, Ec 6 | 1.67 ± 0.30 | ||||||
| 3 ind. Cayambe-Coca, Ec (pl) 6 | 1.42 ± 0.10 | ||||||
| 3 ind. Antisana, Ec (pl) 6 | 4.67 ± 018 | ||||||
| 16 ind. El Ángel, Ec 2, 5, 6 | (38 –) 42 | ||||||
| 6 ind. Illinizas, Ec 2, 5, 6 | 38 | ||||||
| P.incana | 30 ind. Cayambe-Coca, Ec 2, 5, 6 | (39 –) 42 | |||||
| 15 ind. Inga-Raya, Ec 6 | 42 | ||||||
| 15 ind. El Inga, Ec 4 | 40–42 | ||||||
| 15 ind. Papallacta, Ec 4 | 41–42 | ||||||
| 15 ind. El Ángel, Ec. 4 | 40–42 | ||||||
| Laegaard 102647 1 | 17.6 ± 2.0 | ||||||
| Schmidt-Lebuhn 521 1 | 17.0 ± 2.3 | ||||||
| Illinizas, Ec 8 | 9.7 ± 0.5 | ||||||
| Boza 3066 9 | 15.4 ± 1.8 | ||||||
| Boza 3095 9 | 13.1 ± 1.5 | ||||||
| Laegaard 102282 9 | 18.6 ± 2.2 | ||||||
| P.incanoides | Kessler 3288 1 | 16.4 ± 1.6 | tetraploid / x = 12 | ||||
| Kessler 3293 1 | 18.3 ± 2.4 | ||||||
| Beck 34512 9 | 15.3 ± 1.9 | ||||||
| Kessler 2954 9 | 13.2 ± 0.7 | ||||||
| P.nana | Cult. Göttingen 1 | 2.93 ± 0.05 | Cult. Göttingen 1 | 18.7 ± 1.7 | tetraploid / x = 12; also lower ploidy levels ? | ||
| Cult. Göttingen 1 | 2.96 ± 0.05 | Cult. Göttingen 1 | 19.6 ± 1.6 | ||||
| Kessler 3514 1 | 20.3 ± 2.6 | ||||||
| Kessler 3642 1 | 19.5 ± 1.3 | ||||||
| Kessler 3501 9 | 15.4 ± 1.8 | ||||||
| Kessler 3518 9 | 13.1 ± 1.5 | ||||||
| Kessler 3519 9 | 18.6 ± 2.2 | ||||||
| P.tarapacana | Cult. Göttingen 1 | 3.02 ± 0.17 | Cult. Göttingen 1 | ~80 | Cult. Göttingen 1 | 17.4 ± 1.8 | tetraploid / x = 12 |
| Cult. Göttingen 1 | 3.00 ± 0.16 | Cult. Göttingen 1 | 16.9 ± 2.3 | ||||
| Kessler 3599 1 | 17.4 ± 2.2 | ||||||
| Kumar 6 1 | 17.1 ± 1.1 | ||||||
| Beck 9008 9 | 14.9 ± 2.8 | ||||||
| Beck 19897 9 | 16.1 ± 1.1 | ||||||
| Beck 32470 9 | 15.0 ± 1.2 | ||||||
| Boza 3009 9 | 14.9 ± 2.3 | ||||||
| Kessler 3599 9 | 19.7 ± 2.0 | ||||||
| P.tomentella | 43 ind. Ar 7 | 2.90–3.01 | Kessler 3188 1 | 17.9 ± 1.8 | tetraploid / x = 12 | ||
| Kessler 3368 1 | 18.7 ± 2.0 | ||||||
| Boza 3107 9 | 16.6 ± 1.6 | ||||||
| Boza 3110 9 | 13.9 ± 2.0 | ||||||
| Boza 3111 9 | 15.3 ± 1.4 | ||||||
| Kessler 3200 9 | 19.1 ± 2.5 | ||||||