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. 2022 Aug 11;41(1):70–81. doi: 10.1038/s41587-022-01408-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a, Appearance of BPCDX, indicating transparency and refractive nature of the curved device. b, Light transmission through 550-µm-thick samples of BPCDX, single-crosslinked BPC and the human cornea. The human cornea contains a layer of epithelial cells which absorb UV light⁶¹, whereas the bioengineered materials are cell-free. Data shown represent mean and standard deviation of measurements from three independent samples. c, Mechanical properties of BPCDX relative to single-crosslinked BPC and previously published data of bioengineered constructs made from porcine collagen^29,30, with human cornea reference values³⁰ included for comparison. Data values for BPCDX represent mean and standard deviation of measurements from 22 independent samples per test (taken across different production batches, 550-µm-thick ‘dog-bone’ specimens). d, Scanning electron microscope images of the surface and bulk (cross-section) structure of BPCDX and a porcine cornea, indicating tightly packed collagen fibrils in BPCDX with diameter slightly thicker than the native porcine cornea (representative images from three samples per cornea type with similar results). e, Degradation of BPCDX, single-crosslinked BPC and a human donor cornea in 1 mg ml⁻¹ collagenase (data represent mean and standard deviation of measurements from three independent samples for bioengineered materials (550 µm thick, 12 mm diameter) and two independent samples of human donor cornea). f, HCE-2 human corneal epithelial cell attachment and growth on BPCDX relative to the control culture plate surface after 16 days of culture. Cells adhered to BPCDX, with NucBlue staining indicating nuclei and morphology of live, viable cells in brightfield mode. BPCDX had greater cell density than cell culture plasticware (three control samples, six BPCDX samples; error bars represent mean and standard deviation, P = 0.003, two-sided independent t-test). Scale bars, 100 µm.

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