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. 2022 Oct 24;60(2):447–459. doi: 10.1007/s12035-022-03088-8

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Biogenesis of exosome-loaded miRNAs. A: Biogenesis of miRNA, the miRNA selective loading pathway for exosomes: a nSMase2-dependent pathway; b the miRNA motif and sumoylated hnRNPs-dependent pathways; c the 3′-end of the miRNA sequence-dependent pathways; d the miRNA induced silencing complex-related pathways. B: Exosomes biogenesis, the two plasma membrane invaginations during exosome formation and release of exosomes. C: Other possible models for the biological origin of exosomes: 1 directly released by the budding vesicles of the plasma membrane; 2 It buds in intracellular plasma membrane-connected compartments and subsequently releases exosomes by unblocking the narrow IPMC neck