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. 2023 Jan 18;14:297. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-35990-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a Cumulative amount, and (b) release efficiency of Dex from P(AM-co-SV) hydrogels at a controlled potential of −1.0 V for 180 min (n = 3 independent experiments). c Cumulative amount and release efficiency from VH20 hydrogel operating at diffusion (open-circuit mode), –0.6 V and −1.0 V for 180 min (n = 3 independent experiments). d Schematic circuit diagram and photographs of the wearable Mg battery-powered iontophoresis patch. e Drug release mechanism of the iontophoresis patch and corresponding molecular structure change of VH20 hydrogel at different stages. f Cumulative amount and release efficiency from Mg battery-powered iontophoresis patch with various external resistances (n = 3 independent experiments). g Electrochemical output profiles of Mg batteries during delivery with installed resistors. h Controlled intermittent release in 6 days from the battery-powered iontophoresis patch operating in “on-off” mode, with “on” representing discharge with various external resistances for 30 min every day, “off” representing the open-circuit mode (n = 3 independent experiments). Data are presented as mean ± SD in (a, b, c, f, g, and h).