Table 3.

Enumeration of devices containing macroencapsulated islets being used in various preclinical and clinical trials.

Name of device	Pre-clinical/clinical trials	Design advantage	Reference(s)
β-Air	Transplantation of porcine islets into monkeys Clinical trial with human islets transplanted into humans	Promises adequate oxygen supply and comparatively improved protection from recipient immune system	(80, 81)
3D printed vascularized device	Transplantation of human islets in mice	Contains growth factors for optimized vascularization of islets	(82)
Bioplotted scaffold	Transplantation of human islets into mice without immunosuppression	Enhanced vascularization and efficient diffusion owing to adjustable pore size; also avoids islet clumping	(83)
Silicon nanopore membrane device	Mouse islets into pig islets	Adequate pore size (10 nm) and more cell viability	(84)
TheraCyte	Lewis rats were islet donors, and alloimmunized, diabetic Wistar–Furth rats were used as recipients	More vascularization and optimum inner membrane pore size (0.4 μm) to embargo immune response	(85)
Encaptra	Implantation of pancreatic progenitor cells into mice. Clinical trial: implantation of pancreatic progenitor cells into humans	The device allows the growth of pancreatic progenitor cells	(86)