Table 1.

LncRNAs regulate M1/M2 polarization through targeting various adaptor proteins and transcription factors in respiratory diseases.

Type of diseases	LncRNAs	Cell types	Polarization	Targets	Function	Reference
Asthma	AK085865	Primary macrophages in the BALF from mouse	Promote M2	None	AK085865 knockout ameliorates asthmatic airway inflammation.	Pei et al. (20)
	PTPRE-AS1	Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and RAW 264.7	Suppress M2	PTPRE/ERK1/2	Protects against allergic inflammation.	Han et al. (25)
	Lnc-BAZ2B	PMA-induced human monocyte THP-1 cells	Promote M2	BAZ2B/IRF4	Enhances the disease severity of allergic asthma.	Xia et al. (17)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)	MIR155HG	GM-CSF induced peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)	Promote M1, suppress M2	NF- ĸB/p65	Enhance pro-inflammatory cytokine release.	Li et al. (19)
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF)	H19	THP-1 macrophages and BMDMs	Promote M2	let-7a/c-Myc	Promotes myofibroblast differentiation.	Xiao et al. (26)
Pulmonary tuberculosis	XIST	RAW264.7 cells and human monocyte-derived macrophages (hMDMs)	Suppress M1	miR-125b-5p/A20/NF-κB	XIST downregulation suppress preexisting MTB infection.	Luo et al. (27)
	MIR99AHG	PBMCs, monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs), BMDMs	Promote M2	hnRNPA2/B1	Promote MTB growth.	Gcanga et al. (28)
Pneumonia	GAS5	HMDMs and PBMCs	Promote M1	miR-455-5p/SOCS3/JAK2/STAT3	Protect against childhood pneumonia.	Chi et al. (29)
Acute lung injury (ALI)/ Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)	LincRNA-p21	MH-S	Promote M1	NF-κB/p65	LincRNA-p21 inhibition may protect against ALI.	Zhang et al. (21)
	MALAT1	Mouse BMDMs, human PBMCs and THP-1 macrophages and mouse alveolar macrophages	Promote M1	Clec16a	Malat1 knockout ameliorated LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation and injury but led to severe lung fibrosis.	Cui et al. (30)
Lung cancer	GNAS-AS1	PMA-induced human monocyte THP-1 cells	Promote M2	miR-4319/NECAB3	Facilitating the progression of NSCLC.	Li et al. (31)
	LARRPM	PMA-induced human monocyte THP-1 cells	Suppress M2 Promote M1	LINC00240/CSF1	Suppressed LUAD cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and promoted apoptosis.	Li et al. (32)
	LINC01094	PMA-induced human monocyte THP-1 cells	Promote M2	SPI1/CCL7	Facilitating the progression of LUAD.	Wu et al. (33)
	PCAT6	PMA-induced human monocyte THP-1 cells	Promote M2	miR-326/KLF1	Promoted metastasis and EMT process of NSCLC cells.	Chen et al. (34)
	SNHG7	THP-1 macrophages	Promote M2	CUL4A/PTEN/PI3K/Akt	Enhanced docetaxel resistance of LUAD cells.	Zhang et al. (35)