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. 2022 Nov 4;60(2):610–628. doi: 10.1007/s12035-022-03093-x

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Carnosic acid boosts Nrf2, Trx-1, and BDNF expressions as well as HO-1 expression and activity in the hippocampi and prefrontal cortices of ovariectomized mice. Representative immunoblots for Nrf2, lamin B1, Trx-1, BDNF, HO-1, and β-actin proteins are shown in a. The level of nuclear protein expression of Nrf2 was normalized to that of lamin B1 (b), while the levels of protein expression of Trx-1 (c), BDNF (d), and HO-1 (e) were normalized to that of β-actin and their relative expression was calculated relative to the control. HO-1 activity (f) was determined by measuring bilirubin concentration and expressed as pmol bilirubin/ mg protein /h. The data are presented as means ± S. D., and analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed, when significant, by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. *p < 0.05 and **p ≤ 0.001 compared with control; ^#p < 0. 05 and ^##p ≤ 0.001 compared with OVX group; ^¥p < 0. 05 and ^¥¥p ≤ 0.001 compared with OVX + CA group. Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor; Trx-1, thioredoxin-1; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; HO-1, hemoxygenase 1; OVX, ovariectomized; CA, carnosic acid; SnPP-IX, tin protoporphyrin IX