Fig. 1. Overview of the proposed method, an ensemble deep learning model (EDLMPPI)-based protein–protein interaction site identifier consisting of two main components: Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) for extracting long-range dependencies of features and capsule network for exploring the intrinsic association between features and preserving inter-sample location information.

On the one hand, this design can capture the correlation between features in both directions and fully considers the contextual information. On the other hand, the capsule can retain key information as much as possible while reducing the dimensionality of features, avoiding information leakage, and improving the efficiency of the algorithm.