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. 2023 Jan 18;13:1011. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-28135-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism, with enzymes and cofactors involved. Dashed arrow shafts indicate reactions with more than one step: Black arrows pointing up-wards indicate the enzymes which are stimulated by IFN-γ. AA: anthranilic acid; ACMS: α-amino-β-carboxymuconate-ε-semialdehyde; ACMSD: α-amino-β-carboxymuconate-ε-semialdehyde decarboxylase; AMS: α-aminomuconate-ε-semialdehyde; B2: vitamin B2 (flavin adenine dinucleotide); B6: vitamin B6 (pyridoxal 5′-phosphate, PLP); HAA: 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid; HAAO: 3-Hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase; HK: 3-hydroxykynurenine; IDO: indoleamine (2,3)-dioxygenase; KA: kynurenic acid; KAT: kynurenine aminotransferase; KMO: kynurenine 3-monooxygenase; KYNU: kynureninase; NAD: nicotine adenine dinucleotide; TDO: tryptophan (2,3)-dioxygenase; PIC: picolinic acid; QA: quinolinic acid; QPRT: quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase; XA: xanthurenic acid.