Fig. 1. Glucose-depleted E. coli mutants promote longevity of C. elegans.
a Lifespan showing that ΔsucA Escherichia coli mutants extend lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans (P < 1.0 × 10−10, P value determined by two-tailed Student’s t test). E. coli K12 parental strain (BW25113) is indicated as ctrl. Results from one of three independent experiments are shown. b PCA analysis of metabolites from control, Δicd, ΔicdΔsucA and ΔsucA E. coli. Metabolites from three biological repeats are analyzed using 1H-NMR. PC1 and PC2 indicate principal component 1 and principal component 2. Each point represents an independent biological sample. c Heat map analysis of metabolite quantification data. The row represents the sample and the column represents metabolite. Metabolites significantly decreased are displayed in blue, whereas metabolites significantly increased are displayed in red. The brightness of each color corresponds to the magnitude of the difference when compared with average values. The glycolysis-TCA metabolites and amino acids are presented. For total metabolites data, see also Supplementary Table 2. d Lifespan showing that 2% glucose (111 mM) treatment completely suppress the lifespan extension by GR diets (P = 0.3318, P value determined by two-tailed Student’s t test). Results from one of three independent experiments are shown. e, f Lifespan showing that glucose supplementation (5 mM) shortens lifespan extension by ΔsucA E. coli mutants (e) and by ΔPTSGlcΔsucA E. coli mutants (f) (P < 1.0 × 10−10, P value determined by two-tailed Student’s t test). Results from representative experiments are shown with additional repeats. g Lifespan showing that 5 mM glucose treatment significantly reduce the lifespan extension by ΔsucA E. coli (P = 0.0197, P value determined by two-tailed Student’s t test). All E. coli strains are metabolically inactivated by antibiotics, ampicillin and kanamycin. Results from representative experiments are shown with additional repeats. h Lifespan showing that ΔsucA E. coli extend lifespan in both hermaphrodites and male C. elegans (P < 1.0 × 10−10, P < 1.0 × 10−10, respectively, P value determined by two-tailed Student’s t test). Results from representative experiments are shown with additional repeats. i Lifespan showing that adult stage diets determine the lifespan of C. elegans. Adult-only GR diets sufficiently extend lifespan (P < 1.0 × 10−10, P value determined by two-tailed Student’s t test). Results from one of three independent experiments are shown. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.