Table 1.
Symptoms, comorbidities, and background characteristics of patients with atrial fibrillation detected via health screening
| All, n = 3318 (%) | HS, n = 829 (%) | non‐HS, n = 2489 (%) | p value | OR | 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Background | ||||||
| Age | 67.8 ± 11.6 | 64.1 ± 12.0 | 69.1 ± 11.2 | <.001 | N/A | N/A |
| Height (cm) | 164.2 ± 9.6 | 166.8 ± 9.1 | 163.4 ± 9.6 | <.001 | N/A | N/A |
| Weight (kg) | 64.1 ± 13.4 | 67.5 ± 12.8 | 63 ± 13.4 | <.001 | N/A | N/A |
| Body mass index | 23.6 ± 3.7 | 24.2 ± 3.5 | 23.5 ± 3.7 | <.001 | N/A | N/A |
| Heart failure | 544 (16.4) | 65 (7.8) | 479 (19.2) | <.001 | 0.357 | 0.272–0.469 |
| Hypertension | 1911 (57.6) | 402 (48.5) | 1509 (60.7) | <.001 | 0.611 | 0.521–0.715 |
| Age >75 years | 1029 (31.0) | 170 (20.5) | 859 (34.5) | <0.001 | 0.49 | 0.406–0.591 |
| Age >65 years | 2181 (65.7) | 430 (51.9) | 1751 (70.3) | <0.001 | 0.454 | 0.387–0.534 |
| Diabetes | 546 (16.5) | 122 (14.7) | 424 (17) | .121 | 0.841 | 0.676–1.047 |
| Stroke | 278 (8.4) | 42 (5.1) | 236 (9.5) | <.001 | 0.509 | 0.363–0.714 |
| Vascular disease | 381 (11.5) | 29 (3.5) | 352 (14.2) | <.001 | 0.22 | 0.149–0.324 |
| CAD | 308 (9.3) | 17 (2.1) | 291 (11.7) | <.001 | 0.158 | 0.096–0.26 |
| Female | 1050 (31.6) | 174 (21) | 876 (35.2) | <.001 | 0.489 | 0.406–0.589 |
| CHADS/CHADS‐VASc | ||||||
| CHADS2 | 1.4 ± 1.2 | 1 ± 1.1 | 1.5 ± 1.2 | <.001 | N/A | N/A |
| CHA2DS2‐VASc | 2.5 ± 1.7 | 1.8 ± 1.5 | 2.7 ± 1.7 | <.001 | N/A | N/A |
| ECG | ||||||
| Persistent atrial fibrillation | 1450 (44.4) | 479 (59.1) | 971 (39.6) | <.001 | 2.209 | 1.879–2.597 |
| Sinus rhythm | 1568 (47.6) | 278 (34.0) | 1290 (52.2) | <.001 | 2.118 | 1.796–2.498 |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 78.7 ± 17.7 | 80.1 ± 16.9 | 78.2 ± 18 | .009 | N/A | N/A |
| Echocardiography | ||||||
| LVEF (%) | 57.5 ± 8.2 | 58.3 ± 6.7 | 57.2 ± 8.7 | .001 | N/A | N/A |
| LA (cm) | 4.1 ± 0.8 | 4.2 ± 0.7 | 4.1 ± 0.8 | .024 | N/A | N/A |
| Laboratory | ||||||
| Cr (mg/dl) | 1 ± 0.7 | 0.9 ± 0.6 | 1 ± 0.7 | .116 | N/A | N/A |
| Ccr (mL/min) | 71.7 ± 28.4 | 79.7 ± 27.2 | 69.1 ± 28.3 | <.001 | N/A | N/A |
| AST (IU/L) | 26.5 ± 15.3 | 26.7 ± 18 | 26.4 ± 14.4 | .633 | N/A | N/A |
| PT‐INR | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | .004 | N/A | N/A |
| APTT (s) | 36.5 ± 10.7 | 35.3 ± 9.1 | 36.9 ± 11.2 | .003 | N/A | N/A |
| BNP (pg/ml) | 148.4 ± 189.3 | 121.8 ± 118.6 | 157.8 ± 208 | <.001 | N/A | N/A |
| Symptoms | ||||||
| Palpitations | 1398 (42.1) | 220 (26.5) | 1178 (47.3) | <.001 | 0.402 | 0.338–0.478 |
| Dyspnea | 563 (17.0) | 92 (11.1) | 471 (18.9) | <0.001 | 0.535 | 0.421–0.679 |
| Dizziness | 134 (4.0) | 21 (2.5) | 113 (4.5) | .011 | 0.546 | 0.341–0.877 |
| Fatigue | 129 (3.9) | 26 (3.1) | 103 (4.1) | .196 | 0.75 | 0.484–1.162 |
| Chest pain | 91 (2.7) | 11 (1.3) | 80 (3.2) | .004 | 0.405 | 0.215–0.764 |
| Syncope | 54 (1.6) | 5 (0.6) | 49 (2.0) | .007 | 0.302 | 0.12–0.761 |
| Asymptomatic | 1356 (40.9) | 514 (62) | 842 (33.8) | <.001 | 3.192 | 2.712–3.757 |
| Previous histories | ||||||
| Dyslipidemia | 1201 (36.2) | 246 (29.7) | 955 (38.4) | <.001 | 0.677 | 0.572–0.802 |
| COPD | 81 (2.4) | 10 (1.2) | 71 (2.9) | .008 | 0.415 | 0.213–0.809 |
| Thyroid dysfunction | 76 (2.3) | 14 (1.7) | 62 (2.5) | .182 | 0.673 | 0.375–1.208 |
| Hemodialysis | 24 (0.7) | 2 (0.2) | 22 (0.9) | .059 | 0.271 | 0.064–1.155 |
| Malignant disorder | 87 (2.6) | 12 (1.4) | 75 (3.0) | .014 | 0.472 | 0.256–0.873 |
| Smoking | 544 (16.4) | 152 (18.4) | 392 (15.8) | .081 | 1.202 | 0.978–1.477 |
| Therapy | ||||||
| Anticoagulation | 2773 (83.6) | 661 (79.8) | 2112 (84.9) | .001 | 0.705 | 0.576–0.862 |
| Warfarin | 432 (13.0) | 92 (11.1) | 340 (13.7) | .059 | 0.79 | 0.618–1.009 |
| DOACs | 2342 (70.6) | 570 (68.8) | 1772 (71.2) | .183 | 0.89 | 0.751–1.056 |
| Antiplatelets | 416 (12.5) | 47 (5.7) | 369 (14.8) | <.001 | 0.346 | 0.252–0.473 |
| Aspirin | 311 (9.4) | 35 (4.2) | 276 (11.1) | <.001 | 0.354 | 0.247–0.507 |
| Clopidogrel | 110 (3.3) | 9 (1.1) | 101 (4.1) | <.001 | 0.26 | 0.131–0.516 |
| ACE | 1198 (36.1) | 244 (29.5) | 954 (38.4) | <.001 | 0.671 | 0.566–0.796 |
| Beta blocker | 1775 (53.5) | 376 (45.4) | 1399 (56.2) | <.001 | 0.648 | 0.553–0.758 |
| Ca blocker | 1330 (40.1) | 271 (32.7) | 1059 (42.6) | <.001 | 0.657 | 0.556–0.775 |
| Digitalis | 203 (6.1) | 32 (3.9) | 171 (6.9) | .002 | 0.544 | 0.37–0.801 |
| Diuretics | 714 (21.5) | 97 (11.7) | 617 (24.8) | <.001 | 0.402 | 0.32–0.507 |
| Rhythm control | 1768 (53.4) | 467 (56.3) | 1301 (52.4) | .049 | 1.172 | 1.001–1.373 |
| Previous ablation | 216 (6.5) | 38 (4.6) | 178 (7.2) | .010 | 0.625 | 0.436–0.895 |
Note: Values reflect mean ± standard deviation or n (%).
Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin‐converting enzyme; APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; AST, aspartate transaminase; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; CAD, coronary artery disease; Ccr, creatinine clearance; CHA2DS2‐VASc (cardiac failure; hypertension; age ≥75 years [doubled]; diabetes; previous stroke or TIA [doubled]; vascular disease; age 65–74 years; and sex category); CHADS2 (cardiac failure; hypertension; age ≥ 75 years; diabetes; previous stroke or transient ischemic attack [TIA] [doubled]); CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Cr, creatinine; DOAC, direct oral anticoagulant; ECG, electrocardiogram; HS, health screening; LA, left atrium; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; N/A, not available; OR, odds ratio; PT‐INR, prothrombin time–international normalized ratio.