Table 1.
Characteristics at baseline in women and men according to glucose tolerance at follow-up.
| Controls mean (95% CI) | Future Prediabetes mean (95% CI) | Future T2D mean (95% CI) | p-valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WOMEN, n | 200 | 133 | 55 | |
| Age (yrs) | 49.0 (48.4-49.6) | 49.1 (48.4-49.8) | 49.3 (48.1-50.5) | 0.899 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.4 (23.8-25.0) | 27.6 (26.8-28.4)*** | 29.9 (28.3-31.6)***++ | <0.001 |
| Waist (cm) | 78 (77-79) | 86 (85-88)*** | 92 (89-96)***++ | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 119 (117-121) | 128 (125-131)*** | 128 (124-131)** | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 74 (72-75) | 80 (78-81)*** | 79 (77-81)** | <0.001 |
| Glucose, fasting (mmol/l) | 4.6 (4.5-4.6) | 4.9 (4.9-5.0)*** | 5.2 (5.1-5.3)***++ | <0.001 |
| Glucose, 2h (mmol/l) | 4.3 (4.2-4.4) | 5.7 (5.5-5.9)*** | 5.8 (5.4-6.1)*** | <0.001 |
| Insulin, fasting (pmol/l)b | 54 (51-57) | 73 (68-79)*** | 91 (81-103)***++ | <0.001 |
| Insulin, 2h (pmol/l)b | 173 (162-185) | 289 (261-319)*** | 352 (297-419)*** | <0.001 |
| IGFBP-1, fasting (µg/l)b | 43 (40-46) | 29 (26-32)*** | 24 (21-28)*** | <0.001 |
| IGFBP-1, 2h (µg/l)b | 22 (20-23) | 15 (14-16)*** | 14 (12-15)*** | <0.001 |
| IGFBP-2 (µg/l)b | 234 (221-248) | 153 (141-165)*** | 144 (127-162)*** | <0.001 |
| Adiponectin (mg/l)b | 13.9 (13.2-14.7) | 10.0 (9.3-10.7)*** | 8.6 (7.8-9.5)*** | <0.001 |
| IGF-I (µ/l)b | 175 (169-182) | 186 (178-195) | 168 (155-183) | 0.038 |
| IGF-II (µ/l)b | 799 (778-820) | 834 (807-862) | 796 (755-839) | 0.106 |
| Physical activity, n (%) | ||||
| sedentary | 19 (9.5) | 23 (17.3) | 16 (29.1) | |
| moderate | 109 (54.5) | 85 (63.9) | 28 (50.9) | |
| regular | 72 (36.0) | 25 (18.8) | 11 (20.0) | <0.001 |
| Smoking, n (%) | ||||
| never | 82 (41.0) | 57 (42.8) | 16 (29.1) | |
| former | 67 (33.5) | 38 (28.6) | 22 (40.0) | |
| current | 51 (25.5) | 38 (28.6) | 17 (30.9) | 0.384 |
| Socioeconomic status, n (%) | ||||
| low | 45 (22.5) | 42 (31.6) | 17 (30.9) | |
| middle | 44 (22.0) | 38 (28.6) | 21 (38.2) | |
| high | 106 (53.0) | 50 (37.6) | 14 (25.4) | |
| self-employed | 5 (2.5) | 3 (2.2) | 3 (5.4) | 0.006 |
| Hypertensionc, n (%) | ||||
| no | 167 (83,5) | 89 (66.9) | 38 (69.1) | |
| yes | 33 (16.5) | 44 (33.19 | 17 (30.9) | 0.001 |
| MEN, n | 277 | 164 | 98 | |
| Age (yrs) | 47.6 (47.0-48.2) | 47.6 (46.8-48.3) | 47.8 (46.9-48.8) | 0.932 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.2 (24.8-25.5) | 27.5 (27.0-28.1)*** | 27.6 (26.9-28.4)*** | <0.001 |
| Waist (cm) | 91 (90-92) | 96 (94-97)*** | 96 (94-98)*** | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 123 (121-125) | 131 (128-133)*** | 130 (127-133)*** | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 79 (78-80) | 83 (82-85)*** | 82 (80-84)** | <0.001 |
| Glucose, fasting (mmol/l) | 4.5 (4.5-4.6) | 4.8 (4.6-4.8)*** | 5.0 (4.9-5.1)***++ | <0.001 |
| Glucose, 2h (mmol/l) | 4.4 (4.2-4.5) | 5.2 (5.1-5.4)*** | 5.6 (5.4-5.9)***+ | <0.001 |
| Insulin, fasting (pmol/l)b | 99 (94-103) | 121 (113-129)*** | 131 (121-143)*** | <0.001 |
| Insulin, 2h (pmol/l)b | 247 (231-264) | 411 (374-451)*** | 397 (346-455)*** | <0.001 |
| IGFBP-1, fasting (µg/l)b | 29 (27-31) | 14 (13-16)*** | 14 (13-16)*** | <0.001 |
| IGFBP-1, 2h (µg/l)b | 15 (14-16) | 6 (6-7)*** | 7 (6-8)*** | <0.001 |
| IGFBP-2 (µg/l)b | 185 (176-195) | 131 (121-142)*** | 130 (117-144)*** | <0.001 |
| Adiponectin (mg/l)b | 8.6 (8.2-9.0) | 7.5 (7.0-8.0)** | 7.0 (6.4-7.6)*** | <0.001 |
| IGF-I (µ/l)b | 185 (179-191) | 187 (179-195) | 185 (175-196) | 0.919 |
| IGF-II (µ/l)b | 939 (918-961) | 959 (929-989) | 995 (956-1037)* | 0.043 |
| Physical activity, n (%) | ||||
| sedentary | 21 (7.6) | 15 (9.1) | 14 (14.3) | |
| moderate | 125 (45.1) | 101 (61.6) | 54 (55.1) | |
| regular | 131 (47.3) | 48 (29.3) | 30 (30.6) | <0.001 |
| Smoking, n (%) | ||||
| never | 117 (42.2) | 57 (34.8) | 30 (30.6) | |
| former | 104 (37.5) | 64 (39.0) | 29 (29.6) | |
| current | 56 (20.2) | 43 (26.2) | 39 (39.8) | 0003 |
| Socioeconomic status, n (%) | ||||
| low | 82 (29.6) | 54 (32.9) | 33 (33.7) | |
| middle | 42 (15.2) | 33 (20.1) | 23 (23.5) | |
| high | 133 (48.0) | 71 (43.3) | 37 (37.8) | |
| self-employed | 20 (7.2) | 6 (3.7) | 5 (5.1) | 0.240 |
| Hypertensionc, n (%) | ||||
| no | 209 (75.5) | 93 (56.7) | 53 (54.1) | |
| yes | 68 (24.5) | 71 (43.3) | 45 (45.9) | <0.001 |
aComparison between groups was for continuous variables performed by ANOVA, and if significant followed by Scheffé post-hoc test: *P<0.05, **P<0.01,
***P<0.001 vs control; +P<0.05, ++P<0.01, +++P<0.001 vs prediabetes, and for categorical variables by chi-square test. bgeometric mean chypertension; no=normal blood pressure and no hypertension treatment, yes=high blood pressure and/or hypertension treatment.
All subjects had normal glucose tolerance (NGT) at baseline. The Controls stayed NGT at follow up.