Table 4.

Pull and pull factors for migration among HCWs identified in a systematic review of health-care worker retention research in post-conflict settings, published 2007–20

Push factors	Pull factors
Fear (Bronfenbrenner, 1979; Finlay et al., 2011; Witter et al., 2016; Martineau et al., 2017; Witter et al., 2017b; Witter et al., 2017d; Witter et al., 2018; Mashange et al., 2019; Bdaiwi et al., 2020)	Remuneration and salary (Bronfenbrenner, 1979; Akl et al., 2007; Hagopian et al., 2009; Namakula and Witter, 2014a; Kiwanuka et al., 2017; Witter et al., 2017c; Bou-Karroum et al., 2020)
Deteriorating work environment (Wood et al., 2013; Chirwa et al., 2014; Roome et al., 2014; Namakula and Witter, 2014b; Kiwanuka et al., 2017)	Licensure, acceptance and respect (Chirwa et al., 2014; Roome et al., 2014; Kiwanuka et al., 2017)
Health labour market demand–based surplus (Nguyen et al., 2008; Namakula and Witter, 2014a)
Lack of continuing education or skills development opportunities (Akl et al., 2007; Roome et al., 2014; Namakula and Witter, 2014b; Microsoft Corp, 2019)