TABLE 1.

Protocols using small molecules to direct the differentiation of human iPSCs into MNs.

Year	Small molecules	Duration (days)	MN efficiency (%)	References
2008	RA, SHH, BDNF, GDNF, CTNF	30	20	Dimos et al. (2008)
2009	RA, SHH, BDNF, GDNF, IGF-1	35	>40	Hu & Zhang, (2009)
2009	RA, PMA, GDNF, BDNF, CTNF	48–62	>35	Karumbayaram et al. (2009)
2012	SB, Dorsomorphin, RA, PMA, BDNF, GDNF, forskolin	71	>10	Bilican et al. (2012)
2013	LDN, SB, RA, SHH, BDNF, GDNF, CNTF	31	30	Amoroso et al. (2013)
2013	RA, PMA, GDNF, BDNF	31	40	Sareen et al. (2013)
2014	LDN, SB, RA, SAG, PMA, BDNF, GDNF, CNTF	31	>30	Grunseich et al. (2014)
2013	Dorsomorphin, RA, SHH, BDNF, GDNF, IGF-1	20	70	Qu et al. (2014)
2015	Dorsomorphin, SB, BIO (GSK inhibitor), RA, PMA, c-AMP, BDNF, GDNF, IGF-1	28–42	>60	Shimojo et al. (2015)
2015	SB, LDN, RA, SAG, CHIR, DAPT	25	70	Maury et al. (2015)
2015	CHIR, DMH-1, SB, RA, PMA, BDNF, GDNF, CNTF, IGF-1, Compound E	30	95	Du et al. (2015)
2016	RA, SHH, c-AMP, BDNF, GDNF, IGF-1	21–30	40	Dafinca et al. (2016)
2016	LDN, SB, RA, PMA, CHIR, c-AMP, BDNF, GDNF, IGF-1	28	80	Hu et al. (2016)
2018	CHIR, DMH-1, SB, RA, PMA, BDNF, GDNF, CNTF, IGF-1, Compound E	18–53	60	Sances et al. (2018)
2018	CHIR, Dorsomorphin, Compound E, SHH, SAG, PMA, RA, CTNF, BDNF, GNDF, NT-3	21	73	Bianchi et al. (2018)
2018	SB, CHIR, Dosormorphin, RA, PMA, DAPT, db-cAMP, BDNF, GDNF, IGF-1	40	70	Fujimori et al. (2018)
2018	LDN, SB, RA, SHH, BDNF, GDNF, CNTF	27	20	Bossolasco et al. (2018)
2019	SB, Dorsomorphin, RA, PMA, BDNF, GDNF, forskolin	28–42	>90	Bax et al. (2019)
2020	CHIR, DMH-1, SB, RA, PMA, BDNF, GDNF, CNTF, IGF-1, Compound E	28	67	Thiry et al. (2020)
2020	Dorsomorphin, FGF2, Noggin, SB, RA, SHH, BDNF, GDNF, IGF-1	20	80	Faye et al. (2020)
2020	SB, LDN, RA, SAG, CHIR, DAPT	29	>90	Garcia-Diaz et al. (2020)
2021	LDN, SB, IWR1e, CHIR, RA, PMA, DAPT	28–42	16	Sato et al. (2021)
2021	RA, PMA, BDNF, GDNF, IGF-1, c-AMP	28–52	>90	Cutarelli et al. (2021)