Table 4.

Probiotics decrease the incidence of POCD in elderly patients after joint arthroplasty.

Incidence of cognitive impairment, No./Total (%)	Placebo (n = 51)	Probiotics (n = 45)	RR (95% CI)	P-value
Total	29/51 (56.9)	12/45 (26.7)	0.47 (0.27–0.81)	0.003**
Mild	24/51 (47.1)	11/45 (24.4)	0.52 (0.29–0.94)	0.022*
Severe	5/51 (9.8)	1/45 (2.2)	0.23 (0.03–1.87)	0.209

All data are presented as number (%), median (first quartile, third quartile), or mean ± SD; *p < 0.5, **p < 0.01.