TABLE 3.

Patient, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome (PICO) search strategy disambiguation.

P – patient	(“disinformation” OR “misinformation” OR “fake news” OR “conspiracy theor*” OR “urban legend*” OR “rumor*” OR “hate speech” OR “cyberbullying” OR “fake science” OR “mislead*” OR “fake source*” OR “propagand*”) AND (“social media” OR “facebook” OR “instagram” OR “twitter” OR “tiktok” OR “youtube” OR “messenger” OR “whatsapp” OR “telegram” OR “internet” OR “media” OR “blog*” OR “reddit” OR “4chan”)
I – intervention	(“intervent*” OR “tag*” OR “factcheck*” OR “false-tag” OR “refutation” OR “correct*” OR “retraction” OR “flag*” OR “headline*” OR “counter*” OR “rated false” OR “disrupted” OR “questionnaire*” OR “survey*” OR “interview*” OR “focus group*” OR “case stud*” OR “observ*” OR “experiment*” OR “qualitative” OR “quantitative” OR “mixed method*” OR “experiment*”)
C – comparison	(“view*” OR “experienc*” OR “opinion*” OR “attitude*” OR “perce*” OR “belie*” OR “judge*” OR “feel*” OR “know*” OR “understand*” OR “assess*” OR “expect*” OR “tenden*”)
O – outcome	(“share*” OR “verify” OR “follo*” OR “unfollo*” OR “subscrib*” OR “unsubscrib*” OR “click*” OR “induc*” OR “trust*” OR “distrust*” OR “check*” OR “reduc*” OR “judge*” OR “inferenc*” OR “correct*” OR “reflect*” OR “reliance” OR “resist*” OR “back-fire” OR “influe*” OR “like”)