Table 2.

The hallmarks of the perinatal impacts of the described emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases.

Disease	Mode of transmission	Hallmarks of the perinatal outcomes
Influenza virus disease	Droplets (coughing and sneezing), close contact.	PTB; SGA; Low Apgar score at birth.
Ebola virus disease	Direct contact with body fluids (blood, vomit, breastmilk, semen, sweat, urine and stool).	Maternal death; fetal loss; Pregnancy-associated hemorrhages; stillbirth; spontaneous abortions; neonatal death.
Measles disease	Direct contact with infectious droplets, airborne (breathes, sneezes, coughs).	Spontaneous abortions; PTB; fetal death; congenital infections.
Pertussis disease	Close contact, respiratory secretions (coughing and sneezing)	Neonatal death
Zika virus disease	vector transmission (mosquito: Aedes species), blood borne, sexual transmission	Microcephaly; Congenital malformations.
MERS-CoV disease	Close contact, respiratory secretions (coughing), animal-to-human transmission (camels)	Maternal death; PTB; stillbirth.
COVID-19 disease	Close contact, droplet, airborne, fomite, fecal-oral, blood-borne, mother-to-child, and animal-to-human transmission	PTB; Stillbirth; LBW, SGA

PTB, Preterm Births; LBW, Low Birth Weight; SGA, Small for Gestational Age.