Table 2.
aPDT treatment in patients with peri-implant diseases.
| Author, year | Study design | Treatment groups | Investigated pathology | Photosensitizer, concentration | Light type and parameters (wavelength, power, power density, irradiation time) and frequency of irradiation | Microorganisms | Follow-up periods | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Al Rifaiy et al. (2018) | Randomized clinical trial | Test: MD + aPDT Control: MD alone | Peri-implant mucositis | Methylene blue, 0.005% | Diode laser: 670 nm, 150 mW, NR, 60 s Single session | NR | 3 months | There was a significant improvement in PI and PPD at the 12-week follow-up with respect to the baseline visit in both groups. There was a significant reduction in PI and PPD for aPDT as compared to control at 3 M. There was no statistically significant difference for BOP between groups at follow-up. |
| Bassetti et al. (2014) | Randomized clinical trial | Test: MD + aPDT Control: MD + LDD | Peri-implantitis | Phenothiazine Chloride, NR | Diode laser: 660 nm, 100 mW, NR, 10 s Two sessions | Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g), Tannerella forsythia (T.f), Treponema denticola, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia, Campylobacter rectus, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Capnocytophaga gingivalis, Parvimonas micra, Eubacterium nodatum, and Eikenella corrodens | 3, 6, 9, and 12 months | PPD significantly decreased compared to baseline at aPDT-treated sites up to 9 months and up to 12 months at LDD-treated sites. Counts of P.g and T.f decreased significantly from baseline to 6 months in the aPDT and to 12 months in the LDD group, respectively. CF levels of IL-1b decreased significantly from baseline to 12 months in both groups. No significant differences were observed between groups after 12 months with respect to clinical, microbiological and host-derived parameters. |
| De Angelis et al. (2012) | Randomized clinical trial | Test: MD + aPDT Control: MD alone | Peri-impactites | Tolouidine blue O, 0.1 mg/ml | LED: 630 nm, NR, NR, 80 s Single session | NR | 1 week, 1 and 4 months | PPD, BOP, and PI decreased in both groups without significant difference between them. |
| Javed et al. (2017) | Randomized clinical trial | Test: MC + aPDT Control: MC alone | Peri-implant mucositis | Phenothiazine Chloride, NR | Diode laser: 660 nm, 100 mW, NR, 10 s Single session | NR | 3 months | PI, BOP, and PPD were comparable in both groups at baseline. At 3 M, there was a significant reduction in PI and PPD in test and control groups compared with their respective baselines. At 3 M, PI and PPD were significantly higher in the aPDT group compared to the control group. BOP was comparable in both groups at baseline and at 3 M. |
| Karimi et al. (2016) | Randomized clinical trial | Test: closed surface scaling + aPDT Control: closed surface scaling | Peri-impactites and peri-implant mucositis | Toluidine blue, 0.01% | LED: 630 nm, NR, 2000 mW/cm2, 120 s Single session | NR | 1.5 and 3 months | There were significant differences in PPD, CAL, BOP, and GI at each time point between the two groups. There were no statistically significant changes with respect to any of the parameters in the control group. Complete resolution of BOP at 3 M was achieved in 100% of test implants. At 1.5 and 3 months, there were significant differences in the PPD and CAL gain in the test group. |
| Zeza et al. (2018) | Randomized clinical trial | Test: PAPR + aPDT | Peri-implant mucositis | Toluidine blue O, NR | LED: 630 nm, NR, NR, 10 s Single session | NR | 2 and 6 weeks | Treatment with PAPR and aPDT resulted in a significant reduction in the BOP. |
NR, not reported; nm: nanometers; mW, milliwatts; s, seconds; MC, mechanical curettage; MD, mechanical debridement; LDD, local drug delivery; PAPR, professionally administered plaque removal; SBI, sulcus bleeding index; CAL, clinical attachment loss; DIB, distance from implant to bone; PPD, pocket probing depth; BOP, bleeding on probing; PI, plaque index.