Table 2.
Primary and secondary outcomes of the included studies
| Study | Type of seaweed supplementation | Control dosage | Intervention dosage | Outcome | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Secondary | ||||
| Abidov et al. | Xanthigen (brown marine algae fucoxanthin + pomegranate seed oil) | Placebo (3 times a day 15-30 minutes before meal) | Xanthigen-600/2.4 mg (300 mg PSO + 300 mg brown seaweed extract containing 2.4 mg fucoxanthin) (three times a day 15-30 minutes before meal) | ↓ Levels of ALT, AST, and GGT more significant in intervention group than in control group (p < 0.005) (51 ±9, 53 ±7, 49 ±5 to 40 ±6, 46 ±6, 46 ±6 in control group vs. 48 ±7, 51 ±5, 47 ±7 to 26 ±7, 29 ±6, 31 ±5 in intervention group) | ↓ Body weight, body and liver fat, waist circumference, serum triglycerides, C-reactive protein, and blood pressure more significant in intervention group than in control group |
| Panahi et al. | Chlorella vulgaris | Metformin 1250 mg/day + vitamin E 400 mg/day | Chlorella vulgaris 1200 mg/day + metformin 1250 mg/day + vitamin E 400 mg/day | ↓ Level of ALT and AST more significant in intervention group (p < 0.005) but no significance for ALP levels (p > 0.005) (91.24 ±71.47, 14.16 ±39.30, 63.44 ±0.197 to 17.36 ±38.44, 56.22 ±4.30, 36.42 ±57.180 in control group vs. 75.37 ±44.54, 88.27 ±37.38, 2.72 ±7.207 to 67.17 ±50.35, 75.11 ±42.27, 15.66 ±36.203 in intervention group) | ↓ Body weight and BMI in both of group ↓ Serum triglycerides, uric acid, HbA1c, HOMA-IR more significant in intervention group ↓ Total cholesterol, profile lipid, and FBS more significant in control group |
| Ebrahimi-Mameghani et al. | Chlorella vulgaris | Placebo four times a day + vitamin E 400 mg/day | Chlorella vulgaris 300 mg for four times a day + vitamin E 400 mg/day | ↓ Levels of ALT, AST, and ALP more significant in intervention group than in control group (p < 0.001) (42.62 ±23.71, 28.69 ±12.34, 194.15 ±70.21 to 36.88 ±22.83, 25.62 ±10.6, 191.50 ±63.13 in control group vs. 43.59 ±22.80, 29.14 ±12.19, 188.59 ±55.31 to 30.38 ±18.32, 21.93 ±9.01, 158.79 ±52.72 in intervention group) | ↓ Body weight, BMI, fasting blood sugar, serum lipid more significant in intervention group than in control group |
| Cheng et al. | Low-molecular-weight fucoidan (LMF) and high-stability fucoxanthin (HSFx) from brown seaweed | Placebo twice daily with three capsules | LMF-HSFx capsule (275 mg LMF and 275 mg HSFx) twice daily with three capsules | ↓ Level of ALT more significant in intervention group than in control group (intention-to-treat analysis p = 0.023, per-protocol analysis p = 0.013) | ↓ BMI more significant in intervention group than in control group but no significance in controlled attenuation parameter (CAP), adiponectin, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR |
| Shih et al. | Low-molecular-weight fucoidan (LMF) and high-stability fucoxanthin (HSFx) from brown seaweed | Placebo twice daily with three capsules | LMF-HSFx capsule (275 mg LMF and 275 mg HSFx) twice daily with three capsules | ↓ Levels of ALT and AST more significant in intervention group than in control group | ↓ Relative ratio of total cholesterol triglyceride, hepatic steatosis and fibrosis, inflammation level, fasting blood sugar and hemoglobin more significant in intervention group than in control group |