TABLE 1.

Orthogonal pairs and their origins, hosts, and incorporated ncAAs

OTSs	Origins	Hosts	Incorporated ncAAs (and corresponding AARS mutants)	References
TrpRS/tRNATrp	S. cerevisiae	E. coli	NapA (Y105L, E140P, T232V, I252V, F262Y), 1‐MTP (Y105L, E140A, T232C, I252V, F262C), BtA (Y105L, E140A, T232C, I252V, F262C), 6‐MTP (Y105V, E140P, T232C, I252C), 5‐HTP (T107C, P254T, C255A)	10, 11
	E. coli	E. coli (ATM), mammalian cells	5‐HTP, 5‐MTP, 5‐Brw, 5‐AzW, 5‐PrW, 5‐AmW (V144G, V146C for all above ncAAs)	12
PheRS/tRNAPhe	S. cerevisiae	E. coli	pFF (WT), pBrF (T415A), 6‐ClW (T415G), 6‐BrW (T415G), BtA (T415G), 2‐NapA (N412G, T415G, S418C, S437F)	15, 16, 17, 18, 19
	Human mitochondria	E. coli, mammalian cells	4‐AzF (T467G, A507A), 2‐NapA (T467G, A507A), 3‐CNF (T467G, A507A), L‐Dopa (Q356, T467, A507), 6‐CNW (E391D, T467G, A507G), 7CNW (F464V, T467G, A507G)	21
LeuRS/tRNALeu	E. coli	S. cerevisiae, mammalian cells, C. elegans	OmeY (M40L, L41E, Y499R, Y527A, H537G), AcA (M40V, L41M, Y499L, Y527L, H537G), nbC (M40W, L41S, Y499I, Y527A, H537G), DanA (M40A, L41N, T252A, Y499I, Y527G, H537T)	24, 25, 26, 27, 28
	M. thermo‐autotrophicum	E. coli	N/A	29
LysRS/tRNSLys	P. horikoshii	E. coli	hGln (E41I, Y268S)	32
SepRS/tRNASep	M. maripaludis	E. coli	Sep (K347E, N352D, E412S, E414I, P495R, I496R, L512I), serine phosphonate (E412P, E414F, P495M, I496W, F529S), pThr (G320A, L321Y)	36, 37, 38, 42, 43
GlnRS/tRNAGln	S. cerevisiae	E. coli	N/A	46
	E. coli	S. cerevisiae	N/A	47
GluRS/tRNAGlu	P. horikoshii	E. coli	N/A	30
ProRS/tRNAPro	P. horikoshii	E. coli	N/A	50
HisRS/tRNAHis	C. crescentus	E. coli	N/A	53
SerRS/tRNASer	M. mazei	E. coli	N/A	54

Abbreviation: N/A, not available.