Table 2.
Subgroups analysis of BP in offspring of women with HIP
| BP outcomes | No. of studies | No. of experimental group | No. of control group | Effect size (mmHg) | P-value | Heterogeneity* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SBP | ||||||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 7 | 382 | 39201 | 2.12 [0.43, 3.81] | 0.01 | P = 0.11; I2 = 42% |
| Female | 7 | 328 | 24825 | 2.99 [1.59, 4.38] | < 0.001 | P = 0.36; I2 = 9% |
| WHO region | ||||||
| EUR | 2 | 34 | 42 | − 2.21 [− 6.31, 1.88] | 0.29 | P = 0.16; I2 = 49% |
| AMR | 7 | 487 | 5528 | 2.08 [0.97, 3.19] | < 0.001 | P = 0.34; I2 = 12% |
| SEAR | 2 | 61 | 546 | 2.74 [0.39, 5.09] | 0.02 | P = 0.31; I2 = 1% |
| WPR | 3 | 773 | 1473 | 2.57 [1.74, 3.39] | < 0.001 | P = 0.44; I2 = 0% |
| EMR | 1 | 293 | 59499 | / | / | / |
| WB region | ||||||
| HICs | 10 | 874 | 62527 | 1.44 [0.32, 2.55] | 0.01 | P = 0.06; I2 = 46% |
| UMICs | 3 | 713 | 4015 | 2.79 [1.90, 3.68] | < 0.001 | P = 0.81; I2 = 0% |
| LMICs | 2 | 61 | 546 | 2.74 [0.39, 5.09] | 0.02 | P = 0.31; I2 = 1% |
| Published year | ||||||
| Before 2010 | 8 | 324 | 1715 | 1.58 [-0.40, 3.56] | 0.12 | P = 0.04; I2 = 53% |
| After 2011 | 7 | 1324 | 65373 | 2.07 [1.35, 2.80] | < 0.001 | P = 0.27; I2 = 21% |
| Insulin treatment | ||||||
| Insulin-treated | 7 | 884 | 2299 | 2.04 [0.44, 3.65] | 0.01 | P = 0.03; I2 = 57% |
| Insulin-untreated | 8 | 764 | 64788 | 1.35 [0.65, 2.06] | < 0.001 | P = 0.23; I2 = 24% |
| BP measurement | ||||||
| Digital measurement | 8 | 592 | 6468 | 2.45 [1.59, 3.32] | < 0.001 | P = 0.86; I2 = 0% |
| Manual measurement | 3 | 883 | 60094 | 2.30 [1.21, 3.39] | < 0.001 | P = 0.24; I2 = 29% |
| DBP | ||||||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 6 | 333 | 38953 | 1.76 [0.89, 2.63] | < 0.001 | P = 0.61; I2 = 0% |
| Female | 6 | 285 | 24567 | 1.71 [0.44, 2.99] | 0.008 | P = 0.16; I2 = 36% |
| WHO region | ||||||
| EUR | 2 | 34 | 42 | − 1.22 [− 5.21, 2.76] | 0.55 | P = 0.12; I2 = 59% |
| AMR | 5 | 344 | 3987 | 0.51 [− 1.10, 2.11] | 0.54 | P = 0.08; I2 = 51% |
| SEAR | 2 | 61 | 546 | 1.21 [− 0.42, 2.84] | 0.15 | P = 0.41; I2 = 0% |
| WPR | 3 | 773 | 1473 | 1.27 [− 0.12, 2.66] | 0.07 | P = 0.05; I2 = 68% |
| EMR | 1 | 293 | 59499 | / | / | / |
| WB region | ||||||
| HICs | 8 | 731 | 60987 | 0.70 [− 0.52, 1.91] | 0.26 | P = 0.003; I2 = 67% |
| UMICs | 3 | 172 | 3488 | 0.21 [− 2.45, 2.86] | 0.88 | P = 0.11; I2 = 54% |
| LMICs | 2 | 61 | 546 | 1.21 [− 0.42, 2.84] | 0.15 | P = 0.41; I2 = 0% |
| Published year | ||||||
| Before 2010 | 7 | 273 | 680 | 0.68 [− 1.10, 2.47] | 0.45 | P = 0.01; I2 = 64% |
| After 2011 | 6 | 1232 | 64967 | 0.88 [0.17, 1.59] | 0.02 | P = 0.14; I2 = 39% |
| Insulin treatment | ||||||
| Insulin-treated | 6 | 943 | 854 | 0.03 [− 1.26, 1.32] | 0.97 | P = 0.09; I2 = 48% |
| Insulin-untreated | 6 | 532 | 1694 | 1.74 [0.45, 3.03] | 0.008 | P = 0.01; I2 = 68% |
| BP measurement | ||||||
| Digital measurement | 6 | 449 | 4927 | 1.71 [0.92, 2.50] | < 0.001 | P = 0.54; I2 = 0% |
| Manual measurement | 3 | 883 | 60094 | 1.03 [0.01, 2.05] | 0.05 | P = 0.13; I2 = 51% |
All effect sizes’were calculated by subgroups’ mean difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)
ODM Offspring of women with diabetes mellitus, OGDM Offspring of women with gestational diabetes mellitus, EUR European Region, AMR Region of the Americas, SEAR South-East Asia Region, WPR Western Pacific Region, EMR Eastern Mediterranean Region
*P value from the χ2 test