Table 2.
Nanoparticle | Metallic material | Delivery technology | Additional agents | Cancer type | Immune modulation | Effectiveness | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PL/APMP-DOX | Mn3 (PO4)2(APMP) |
Lipid bilayer coating (PL) |
Doxorubicin (DOX)Generate DNA damage |
Breast cancer (4T1 cells) |
Augments cGAS/STING activity |
Tumor targeting; DC maturation; T cell infiltration; NK recruitment; Type I-IFNs,TNF-a↑ |
[80] |
H-MnO2-PEG/C&D | Hollow MnO2 | Polyethylene-glycol (PEG) | Photodynamic agent chlorine e6 (Ce6); DOX | Breast cancer (4T1 cells) | Enhances macrophages infiltration; facilitates M2/M1 polarization |
T1WI MRI imaging; H2O2 decomposition; metastasis inhibition; combined chemo-PDT |
[81] |
Mn@CaCO3/ICG@siRNA | Walnut-like MnO2 NPs | PH-response cover layer of CaCO3 | PD-L1-targeting siRNA; ICG | Lung cancer (Lewis cells) |
Improves CTL-mediated antitumor immunities |
Enhances PDT effect; relieves tumor hypoxia; silences PD-L1 gene; DC infiltration, effector↑ |
[82] |
CpG@PLGA-PLLmPEG/SPIO (MINPs) |
Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) |
mPEG-PLGA-PLL triblock copolymer |
Immunoadjuvant CpG-ODNs Activate TLR9 |
Breast cancer (4T1 cells) | Activates DCs; induces TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-γ secretion |
Magnetic targeting; synergistic PTT; precise MR/PA image; photo-immunotherapy |
[85] |
PEG-coated ferrihydrite nanoparticles (PEG-Fns) | Fe(NO3)3·9H2O |
Biocompatible PEG-coating |
/ | Lung cancer (SCC-7 cells) |
Induces M1 macrophage polarization |
Promotes ROS-based CDT; increased oxidative stress; apoptosis/ferroptosis↑ metastasis prevention |
[87] |
Fe2+/siRNA/PDA nanoparticles (FesiRNAPNPs) | FeCl2 | Polydopamine (PDA) |
Fe2+ chelator -GMP; GAPDH siRNA |
Colon cancer (CT26 cells) |
ROS generation & GSH consumption in the TME leads to tumor killing |
Accumulation of LPO; Fe2+-induced ferroptosis Transformation of H2O2 into ·OH Suppression of tumor growth |
[88] |
PolyA-CpG-AuNPs | Nano-gold (AuNPs) | Poly-adenine (polyA) tail | Immunoadjuvant CpG-ODNs |
Leukemia (RAW264.7) |
Immune- stimulatory activity via TLR9 |
Efficient delivery; induces expression of proinflammatory cytokines |
[91] |
AuNP4 |
HAuCl4 · 3H2O |
Monolayer Mercaptosuc-cinic acid (MSA) |
Radiation |
Breast cancer (MCF7) |
Tumor neoantigen presentation, cytokine secretion; priming of host antitumor T cells |
Enhances RT induced ICD tumor growth delay; TME immunogenicity↑ Radiosensitization |
[92] |
Mangiferin functionalized (MGF)-AuNPs | NaAuCl4 | Mangiferin (polyphenol:Dglucoside) | / |
prostate cancer (PC-3 cells) |
Antitumor cytokines (IL-12 and TNF-α)↑; IL-10, IL-6↓ |
Targets macrophages via the NF-kB pathway; anti-angiogenesis agent; reprograms M2 macrophages to M1 macrophages |
[96] |
AuNP@B16F10 | HAuCl4 |
Exocytosis of B16F10/ DC 2.4 |
Coincubation with DC2.4; exposure to UV irradiation; NIR |
Melanoma (B16F10 cells) | Provides a pro-inflammatory immune environment |
Promoted DC maturation Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes↑; induces hyperthermia; anti-metastasis effect |
[98] |
Silver/silver sulfide Janus nanoparticle (Ag/Ag2S JNP) | AgNO3 | PEGylated | H2O2; NIR-II | Breast cancer (MCF7) | PTT; noninvasive location and diagnosis in vivo |
H2O2-activated imaging; NIR-II fluorescence switching specifically activated by H2O2 |
[101] |
AM@DLMSN@ CuS/R848 |
Copper sulfide (CuS) | Dendritic large-pore mesoporous silica nanoparticles (DLMSNs) | Anti-PD-1 peptide AUNP-12; Resiquimod (R848)(TLR7/8 agonist); NIR | Breast cancer (4T1 cells) | Photothermal ablation induced ICD | High photothermal conversion efficiency; PTT agent suppressing TNBC growth and metastasis; block the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway | [108] |
CuS-sorafenib-anti-VEGFR antibodies (CuS-SF@CMV) |
Hollow-CuS | Cancer cell-macrophage hybrid membrane-coating |
Sorafenib; anti-VEGFR antibodies |
Hepatocell-ular carcinoma (HepG2 cells) | Localizes to the homotypic cells and escapes immune cell-mediated elimination | Inhibits tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis via the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways | [109] |
ZnS@BSA | ZnS | BSA (bovine serum albumin) | Generated H2S | Hepatoma | Activates cGAS/STING pathway |
ROS production; infiltration of CD8+ T cells, cross-presentation of DCs↑ |
[114] |
Zn2+@ SA/PCT | ZnCl2 | Hesperidin | Sodium alginate (SA), pectin(PCT) | Colon cancer (HCT116) | Induces apoptosis via excessive generation of ROS | Inhibited proliferation of colon carcinoma cell and induced apoptosis in in vitro condition | [111] |