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. 2023 Jan 19;21:20. doi: 10.1186/s12951-023-01771-z

Table 2.

Several metallic nanoparticles have been applied in cancer therapy for immune modulation

Nanoparticle Metallic material Delivery technology Additional agents Cancer type Immune modulation Effectiveness Refs.
PL/APMP-DOX Mn3 (PO4)2(APMP)

Lipid bilayer coating

(PL)

Doxorubicin (DOX)Generate DNA damage

Breast cancer

(4T1 cells)

Augments cGAS/STING activity

Tumor targeting;

DC maturation;

T cell infiltration;

NK recruitment;

Type I-IFNs,TNF-a↑

[80]
H-MnO2-PEG/C&D Hollow MnO2 Polyethylene-glycol (PEG) Photodynamic agent chlorine e6 (Ce6); DOX Breast cancer (4T1 cells) Enhances macrophages infiltration; facilitates M2/M1 polarization

T1WI MRI imaging;

H2O2 decomposition;

metastasis inhibition;

combined chemo-PDT

[81]
Mn@CaCO3/ICG@siRNA Walnut-like MnO2 NPs PH-response cover layer of CaCO3 PD-L1-targeting siRNA; ICG Lung cancer (Lewis cells)

Improves

CTL-mediated

antitumor immunities

Enhances PDT effect;

relieves tumor hypoxia;

silences PD-L1 gene;

DC infiltration, effector↑

[82]

CpG@PLGA-PLLmPEG/SPIO

(MINPs)

Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)

mPEG-PLGA-PLL triblock

copolymer

Immunoadjuvant CpG-ODNs

Activate TLR9

Breast cancer (4T1 cells) Activates DCs; induces TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-γ secretion

Magnetic targeting;

synergistic PTT;

precise MR/PA image;

photo-immunotherapy

[85]
PEG-coated ferrihydrite nanoparticles (PEG-Fns) Fe(NO3)3·9H2O

Biocompatible

PEG-coating

/ Lung cancer (SCC-7 cells)

Induces

M1 macrophage polarization

Promotes ROS-based CDT;

increased oxidative stress;

apoptosis/ferroptosis↑

metastasis prevention

[87]
Fe2+/siRNA/PDA nanoparticles (FesiRNAPNPs) FeCl2 Polydopamine (PDA)

Fe2+ chelator

-GMP; GAPDH siRNA

Colon cancer (CT26 cells)

ROS generation & GSH consumption

in the TME leads to tumor killing

Accumulation of LPO;

Fe2+-induced ferroptosis

Transformation of H2O2 into ·OH

Suppression of tumor growth

[88]
PolyA-CpG-AuNPs Nano-gold (AuNPs) Poly-adenine (polyA) tail Immunoadjuvant CpG-ODNs

Leukemia

(RAW264.7)

Immune-

stimulatory activity via TLR9

Efficient delivery;

induces expression

of proinflammatory cytokines

[91]
AuNP4

HAuCl4 ·

3H2O

Monolayer

Mercaptosuc-cinic acid (MSA)

Radiation

Breast cancer

(MCF7)

Tumor neoantigen presentation, cytokine secretion; priming of host antitumor T cells

Enhances RT induced ICD

tumor growth delay;

TME immunogenicity↑

Radiosensitization

[92]
Mangiferin functionalized (MGF)-AuNPs NaAuCl4 Mangiferin (polyphenol:Dglucoside) /

prostate cancer

(PC-3 cells)

Antitumor cytokines (IL-12 and TNF-α)↑;

IL-10, IL-6↓

Targets macrophages

via the NF-kB pathway;

anti-angiogenesis agent;

reprograms M2 macrophages to M1 macrophages

[96]
AuNP@B16F10 HAuCl4

Exocytosis of B16F10/

DC 2.4

Coincubation with DC2.4; exposure to

UV irradiation;

NIR

Melanoma (B16F10 cells) Provides a pro-inflammatory immune environment

Promoted DC maturation

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes↑;

induces hyperthermia;

anti-metastasis effect

[98]
Silver/silver sulfide Janus nanoparticle (Ag/Ag2S JNP) AgNO3 PEGylated H2O2; NIR-II Breast cancer (MCF7) PTT; noninvasive location and diagnosis in vivo

H2O2-activated imaging;

NIR-II fluorescence switching specifically activated by H2O2

[101]

AM@DLMSN@

CuS/R848

Copper sulfide (CuS) Dendritic large-pore mesoporous silica nanoparticles (DLMSNs) Anti-PD-1 peptide AUNP-12; Resiquimod (R848)(TLR7/8 agonist); NIR Breast cancer (4T1 cells) Photothermal ablation induced ICD High photothermal conversion efficiency; PTT agent suppressing TNBC growth and metastasis; block the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway [108]

CuS-sorafenib-anti-VEGFR antibodies

(CuS-SF@CMV)

Hollow-CuS Cancer cell-macrophage hybrid membrane-coating

Sorafenib;

anti-VEGFR antibodies

Hepatocell-ular carcinoma (HepG2 cells) Localizes to the homotypic cells and escapes immune cell-mediated elimination Inhibits tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis via the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways [109]
ZnS@BSA ZnS BSA (bovine serum albumin) Generated H2S Hepatoma Activates cGAS/STING pathway

ROS production;

infiltration of CD8+ T cells, cross-presentation of DCs↑

[114]
Zn2+@ SA/PCT ZnCl2 Hesperidin Sodium alginate (SA), pectin(PCT) Colon cancer (HCT116) Induces apoptosis via excessive generation of ROS Inhibited proliferation of colon carcinoma cell and induced apoptosis in in vitro condition [111]
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