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. 2023 Jan 18;23:26. doi: 10.1186/s12886-022-02743-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Granulomas and vasculitis in surgical lung biopsies from patient 1 (a-d) and patient 22 (e-h) of Table 1: a) This necrotizing granuloma has a central area with eosinophilic inflammation surrounded by chronic inflammation with multinucleated giant cells (hematoxylin-eosin [H&E], × 10). b) Multinucleated giant cells and lympho-plasmocytic cells surround a fibro-histiocytic central area with focal necrosis (H&E, × 20). c) This granuloma consists of a cartwheel-shaped arrangement of palisading histiocytes surrounding a central arteriole in a necrotic background (H&E, × 10). d) A granuloma with central acute inflammation (H&E, × 20). e) Large zones of basophilic necrosis with an irregular border give the appearance of geographic necrosis (H&E, × 4). f) Nodular scar with central multinucleated giant cells and adjacent vasculitis (H&E, × 20). g) Necrotizing arteritis. The wall of this arteriole shows marked inflammation and central fibrinoid necrosis (H&E, × 10). h) Neutrophilic capillaritis: the inflammation infiltrates the capillary wall with spilling over into the hematic space (H&E, × 40)