Table 4. Comparative Study of NLC–GNS Composite Systems for Different Capping Agents^a.

nematic LC details	AuNP details		major findings (at RT)	references
	diameter	capping agent
E7	d ∼ 5 nm	polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)	τon↓ ∼ 9%; τoff↓ ∼ 24%; response time↓ ∼ 28%; Vth↓ ∼ 21%; TNI↓; S↓; Δn↓ slightly; K↓; Δε↑ ∼ 5.5%; η↓	Hsu et al.53
E7 and 5CB	d ∼ 5 nm	azo-C11-SH ligands	for E7: Δε↓ ∼ 30%; K1↓ ∼ 17%; rotational viscosity γ1↓; for 5CB: Δε↓ ∼ 40%; K1↓ ∼ 32%; rotational viscosity γ1 first ↑, then ↓ with increasing concentration from 1 wt % to 3 wt %	Brouckaert et al.54
E7	d ∼ 5 nm	dodecanethiol ligand shell	relaxation frequency fδ↓ slightly; TNI↓ 1.4 °C.	Bourg et al.55
5CB	d ∼ 6 nm	4-sulfanylphenyl-4-[4-(octyloxy)phenyl]benzoate (SOPB)	8 nm red shift of SPR in absorption edge; TNI↑ ∼ 0.4 °C; Vth↓ ∼ 25%; S↑ slightly	Khatua et al.56
5CB	NP1: d ∼ 2.4 nm, NP2: d ∼ 5 nm	NP1: dodecanethiol ligand shell and NP2: mesogenic ligands	resistivity↓; conductivity↑; Vth↑; ε↑	Lagerwall and Urbanski57
5CB	d ∼ 1.6–3.1 nm		TNI↑ ∼ 3.3 °C; Δε↓; Vth↓ ∼ 61%; K11↓; τoff↑; relaxation frequency fδ↑; activation energy Ea↓	Pandey et al.58
5CB	d ∼ 12 nm	MEO2MA and OEGMA (9:1)	Vth↓ ∼ 8%; light modulatiuon achieved due to light scattering	Hadjichristov et al.59
5CB	d ∼ 1.5–5.2 nm	alkylthiol capping	TNI↓; conductivity↑; Δε ∼ unaffected	Krishna Prasad et al.60
weakly polar D5AOB	d ∼ 13 nm	polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)	TNI↓ ∼ 5.5 °C; K11↓ ∼ 23%; γ↓ ∼ 68%; response time↓ ∼ 57%; Vth↓ ∼ 27%; Ea↓; Δε↑; Δn↓ ∼ 23%; UV–Vis absorbance↑ ∼ 76%; OD↑; PL intensity↑ ∼ 46%	Singh et al.29,61
E7	d ∼ 18 nm	polyethylene glycol (PEG)	Vth↓ ∼ 24%; τoff↓ ∼ 63.17%; rotational viscosity↓ ∼ 49.58%; PL intensity↑ ∼ 4-fold, UV absorbance↑, color purity for display purposes↑ ∼ 95.4%	current study

^aHere, ↑ represents an increase in values and ↓ represents a decrease in values.