. 2023 Jan 19;21:4. doi: 10.1186/s12955-023-02090-5

Table 1.

Differences in QoL between young stroke patients and age-matched controls from the general population

Author/Year/Country	Study design	Participants and sampling	Age mean (SD), range or median (years)	HRQoL measure	Measure time (Time of assessment after stroke)	Main findings and conclusion
de Bruijn et al. (2015) [57] The Netherlands	Prospective study	Young ISs (18–49 years): 170 Controls: 61	Age at a stroke: 41.4 (7) Age at follow-up: 46.3 (7.1) Controls: 48 (6.6)	WHOQOL-BREF 26	A mean time to FUP: 4.9 years	There were no statistical differences in QoL between young adults with IS and controls after long-term follow-up Fatigue, depression, anxiety, and unemployment affect the QoL in young adults with IS of mild severity The stroke-specific factors were not confirmed as significant contributing factors of QoL in young adults with IS
Palmcrantz et al. (2014) [58] Sweden	Prospective study	Young adult (< 65 years):150 (80% ISs) Controls: 2661	Young adult Mean: 57 (6) Median: 59 IQR: 54–62 Controls Median: 46, IQR: 38–55	MYS questionnaire (body functions, limitations, restrictions, personal and environmental factors) EQ-5D	< 6 years after stroke	The negative effects of stroke, on self-rated global health among young individuals living in the community, appear to be substantial, multifactorial and long-standing. The young individuals with IS reported significantly lower health status regarding mobility, self-care, usual activities, anxiety, and depression than the matched general population. Limitations and restrictions regarding previous leisure activities and returning to work were the main predictors of the HRQoL in young individuals with IS
Schneider et al. (2021) [59] Estonia	Prospective study	Young ISs (18–54 years): 352 Controls (18-64 years): 2304	Age at stroke Median: 48.8 Range: 19.2–54.9 Age at follow-up Median: 54 Range: 27–65 Controls: Median: 47 Range: 27–64	EQ-5D-3L	A mean time to FUP: 5.7 years	ISs reported significantly lower health status regarding mobility, self-care, usual activities, anxiety, and depression than controls. The most significant differences between young stroke patients and their non-stroke counterparts were in the physical domain. Lower QoL of young stroke patients was predicted by stroke-specific (coronary heart disease during the index event, longer follow-up duration, recurrent stroke, functional disability) and psychosocial factors (depression, unemployment). Young patients with excellent recovery after IS reported higher QoL than the controls. Young ISs have long-term decreased HRQOL, except for those with excellent functional recovery

Author/Year/Country

Study design

Participants and sampling

Age mean (SD), range or median (years)

HRQoL measure

Measure time (Time of assessment after stroke)

Main findings and conclusion

de Bruijn et al. (2015) [57]

The Netherlands

Prospective study

Young ISs (18–49 years): 170

Controls: 61

Age at a stroke: 41.4 (7)

Age at follow-up: 46.3 (7.1)

Controls: 48 (6.6)

WHOQOL-BREF 26

A mean time to FUP: 4.9 years

There were no statistical differences in QoL between young adults with IS and controls after long-term follow-up

Fatigue, depression, anxiety, and unemployment affect the QoL in young adults with IS of mild severity

The stroke-specific factors were not confirmed as significant contributing factors of QoL in young adults with IS

Palmcrantz et al. (2014) [58]

Sweden

Prospective study

Young adult (< 65 years):150 (80% ISs)

Controls: 2661

Young adult

Mean: 57 (6)

Median: 59

IQR: 54–62

Controls

Median: 46,

IQR: 38–55

MYS questionnaire (body functions, limitations, restrictions, personal and environmental factors)

EQ-5D

< 6 years after stroke

The negative effects of stroke, on self-rated global health among young individuals living in the community, appear to be substantial, multifactorial and long-standing. The young individuals with IS reported significantly lower health status regarding mobility, self-care, usual activities, anxiety, and depression than the matched general population. Limitations and restrictions regarding previous leisure activities and returning to work were the main predictors of the HRQoL in young individuals with IS

Schneider et al. (2021) [59]

Estonia

Prospective study

Young ISs (18–54 years): 352

Controls

(18-64 years): 2304

Age at stroke Median: 48.8 Range: 19.2–54.9

Age at follow-up Median: 54

Range: 27–65

Controls:

Median: 47

Range: 27–64

EQ-5D-3L

A mean time to FUP: 5.7 years

ISs reported significantly lower health status regarding mobility, self-care, usual activities, anxiety, and depression than controls. The most significant differences between young stroke patients and their non-stroke counterparts were in the physical domain. Lower QoL of young stroke patients was predicted by stroke-specific (coronary heart disease during the index event, longer follow-up duration, recurrent stroke, functional disability) and psychosocial factors (depression, unemployment). Young patients with excellent recovery after IS reported higher QoL than the controls. Young ISs have long-term decreased HRQOL, except for those with excellent functional recovery

EQ-5D-3L EuroQoL-5 dimension-3 level, EQ-5D EuroQoL-5 dimension, FUP follow-up, ISs Ischemic stroke survivors, IQR Inter quartile range, mRS Modified Rankin Scale, MYS Mapping Young persons with Stroke, WHOQOL-BREF 26 shortened World Health Organization Quality of Life scale