Table 2.
Association between multimorbidity with OOPE on medicine among people ages 50 and older in 13 European countries between 2013 and 2015.
| First part Logit | Second part GLM | Overall | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coefficient | 95% CI | Coefficient | 95% CI | Margins | 95% CI | |
| Number of CDs | 1.34*** | (1.31–1.36) | 0.15*** | (0.14–0.16) | 26.39*** | (25.10–27.68) |
| Age groups (ref: 50–59 years) | ||||||
| 60–69 | 1.00 | (0.94–1.08) | 0.07*** | (0.02–0.12) | 7.99*** | (2.50–13.49) |
| 70+ | 0.97 | (0.90–1.04) | 0.18*** | (0.13–0.22) | 19.90*** | (14.40–25.41) |
| Gender (ref: male) | ||||||
| Female | 1.26*** | (1.19–1.33) | 0.05** | (0.01–0.08) | 12.06*** | (7.46–16.65) |
| Marital status (ref: other) | ||||||
| Married | 1.06* | (1.00–1.13) | 0.07*** | (0.03–0.11) | 9.62*** | (4.92–14.32) |
| Educational attainment (ref: less than secondary school) | ||||||
| Upper secondary | 1.28*** | (1.19–1.38) | 0.02 | (−0.03–0.06) | 9.01*** | (3.34–14.69) |
| Tertiary | 1.30*** | (1.19–1.42) | 0.10*** | (0.04–0.16) | 19.67*** | (12.35–26.99) |
| Socio-economics position (ref: Q1 poorest) | ||||||
| Q2 | 1.28*** | (1.20–1.37) | −0.04** | (−0.08–−0.00) | 2.08 | (−3.05–7.22) |
| Q3 | 1.42*** | (1.32–1.53) | −0.03 | (−0.07–0.02) | 6.89** | (1.11–12.68) |
| Q4 | 1.28*** | (1.19–1.39) | 0.05* | (0.00–0.09) | 12.96*** | (6.69–19.23) |
| Country (ref: Austria) | ||||||
| Germany | 1.70*** | (1.55–1.86) | −0.61*** | (−0.66–−0.56) | −50.13*** | (−57.33–−42.92) |
| Sweden | 3.01*** | (2.71–3.35) | −0.43*** | (−0.48–−0.38) | −19.26*** | (−26.63–−11.89) |
| Spain | 1.31*** | (1.16–1.49) | −0.84*** | (−0.92–−0.76) | −72.82*** | (−81.02–−64.62) |
| Italy | 1.25*** | (1.14–1.38) | −0.05* | (−0.10–0.01) | 3.48 | (−5.27–12.22) |
| France | 0.68*** | (0.62–0.74) | −0.83*** | (−0.90–−0.76) | −86.26*** | (−93.49–−79.03) |
| Denmark | 2.52*** | (2.29–2.77) | −0.08*** | (−0.13–−0.02) | 25.11*** | (16.22–34.00) |
| Switzerland | 0.63*** | (0.57–0.69) | 0.27*** | (0.20–0.33) | 12.38** | (1.50–23.26) |
| Belgium | 3.78*** | (3.40–4.19) | 0.19*** | (0.14–0.24) | 89.91*** | (79.88–99.94) |
| Czech Republic | 3.62*** | (3.14–4.18) | −0.97*** | (−1.03–−0.91) | −66.90*** | (−74.15–−59.65) |
| Luxembourg | 1.67*** | (1.47–1.90) | 0.12*** | (0.04–0.19) | 42.99*** | (28.76–57.23) |
| Slovenia | 0.51*** | (0.47–0.56) | −0.98*** | (−1.06–−0.89) | −98.54*** | (−105.73–−91.35) |
| Estonia | 4.26*** | (3.87–4.69) | −0.16*** | (−0.21–−0.12) | 24.27*** | (16.71–31.83) |
| Year | ||||||
| 2015 | 1.05** | (1.00–1.10) | 0.00 | (−0.03–0.03) | 1.78 | (−1.99–5.56) |
Estimates obtained from two-part model that the first part is modeled through a logit model to estimate the likelihood of incurring OOPE on medicine, and second part using a generalized linear model with gamma distribution and log link function to model the amount of OOPE on medicine if occurred. Standard errors were clustered at the individual level to control for serial correlation. Margins shows combined marginal effects from both parts of the two-part model. Confidence interval in parentheses.
***Statistical significance at the 1% level; **statistical significance at the 5% level; *statistical significance at the 10% level.
GLM, generalized linear model; CD, chronic diseases; CI, confidence interval.