(A) Scheme; Lactating dams were fed with indicated diets upon giving birth. Male offspring (N=6-9) mice were weaned at 3 weeks of age and administered GBC until 12 weeks of age at which time feces were collected for 16S rRNA gene sequencing, then administered LF-HFD for 4 weeks.
(B-D) Alpha diversity in gut microbiota of offspring at 12 weeks of age, measured faith’s phylogenetic diversity (B), Pielou’s evenness (C) and Rarefaction curves of the observed-OTU richness (D).
(E-F) Beta diversity of intestinal microbiota in 12-weeks old offspring was measured by PCoA via unweighted UniFrac (E) and plot of Unifrac distances (F).
(G&H) Taxonomic analysis including relative phylum abundance (G) and percentage of Proteobacteria (H).
(I-L) Metabolic data of offspring including body weight recorded (I), whole-body fat (J) and lean (K) measured by using MRI, Epididymal, mesenteric fat and brown adipose tissue (BAT) weight (L) measured at the end of experiment,
(M-Q) Cholesterol (M) and fasting glucose (N) in blood measured, glucose tolerance test (GTT) by intraperitoneally injecting with glucose (O&P), AUC of GTT calculated (Q).
(R-T) Blood glucose during insulin tolerance test as showed by absolute concentration (R) or as relative changes compared with initial value (S). AUC from S calculated (T).
One-way ANOVA: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; #p<0.05, ##p < 0.01, ####p < 0.0001. ns, not significant. For I, P, R and S, * indicated mLF-LFD VS mGBC; # indicated mLF-HFD vs mGBC. Also, see Figure S1.