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. 2023 Jan 16;11(2):357–365. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i2.357

Table 3.

Secondary outcomes


Closed (n = 70)
Open (n = 184)
P value
Operative time (minute) 170 (110, 240) 123 (100, 185) 0.004
Estimated blood loss (mL) 50 (30, 11) 30 (20, 100) 0.011
Length of hospital stay (day) 5 (5, 7) 5 (4, 6) 0.122
Complications 0.228
CD-1 6 (8.6) 9 (4.9)
CD-2 7 (10) 10 (5.4)
CD-3 2 (2.9) 3 (1.6)
CD-4, 5 0 0