. 2023 Jan 5;8(2):2306–2314. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06625

Table 1. Identified Metabolites and Their Changes in Brain Tissues from Different Groups.

no.	name	HMDB	formula	exact mass	RT (min)	VIP	Model/Sham	GSTTF/Model
1	sphingosine	HMDB0000252	C₁₈H₃₇NO₂	299.2823	13.51	5.67	↑^b	↓
2	8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine	HMDB0003333	C₁₀ H₁₃N₅O₅	283.0917	4.59	3.58	↓^c	↑
3	inosine	HMDB0000195	C₁₀H₁₂N₄O₅	268.0806	4.48	5.01	↓^b	↑
4	adenosine	HMDB0000050	C₁₀H₁₃N₅O₄	267.0968	5.75	1.97	↓^b	↑
5	dl-glutamic acid	HMDB0003339	C₅H₉NO₄	147.0533	0.88	1.10	↑^b	↓
6	2-methylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid	HMDB0246657	C₅H₉NO₂S	147.0356	2.67	1.15	↓^b	↑^d
7	adenine	HMDB0000034	C₅H₅N₅	135.0546	4.09	2.59	↓^a	↑
8	d-valine	HMDB0250806	C₅H₁₁NO₂	117.0791	0.75	1.63	↑^a	↓^d
9	l-proline	HMDB0000162	C₅H₉NO₂	115.0635	0.72	1.46	↑^b	↓^e
10	docosahexaenoic acid	HMDB0251558	C₂₂H₃₂O₂	328.2402	13.90	6.97	↑^a	↓
11	2-aminoethyl oleate	HMDB0245016	C₂₀H₃₉NO₂	325.2984	13.76	1.98	↑^b	↓
12	oleic acid	HMDB0000207	C₁₈H₃₄O₂	282.2559	14.88	1.07	↓^a	↑
13	petroselinic acid	HMDB0002080	C₁₈H₃₄O₂	282.2559	14.88	1.07	↓^a	↑
14	inosine	HMDB0000195	C₁₀H₁₂N₄O₅	268.0809	3.96	3.78	↓^a	↑
15	β-pyrazol-1-ylalanine	HMDB0034267	C₆H₉N₃O₂	155.0694	0.64	2.80	↓^a	↑^d
16	l-pyroglutamic acid	HMDB0000267	C₅H₇NO₃	129.0428	0.28	4.69	↓^c	↑
17	xylitol	HMDB0242149	C₅H₁₂O₅	152.0688	1.02	2.78	↑^a	↓
18	cyromazine	HMDB0029862	C₆H₁₀N₆	166.0972	0.96	2.87	↑^a	↓
19	2-methylbutyrylcarnitine	HMDB0000378	C₁₂H₂₃NO₄	245.1627	1.03	2.80	↑^a	↓
20	11-hydroxynonadecanoic acid	HMDB0340924	C₁₉H₃₈O₃	314.2814	15.49	2.61	↑^a	↓
21	oleoylethanolamide	HMDB0002088	C₂₀H₃₉NO₂	325.2980	13.51	3.09	↑^a	↓
22	eicosapentaenoyl ethanolamide	HMDB0013649	C₂₂H₃₅NO₂	345.2668	13.77	3.16	↑^a	↓
23	arachidonic acid	HMDB0001043	C₂₀H₃₂O₂	304.2402	16.15	3.32	↑^b	↓
24	leukotriene E3	HMDB0002355	C₂₃H₃₉NO₅S	441.2519	6.51	2.69	↑^a	↓
25	LysoPC (15:0)	HMDB0010381	C₂₃H₄₈NO₇P	481.3167	15.11	3.10	↑^a	↓
26	LysoPC (18:1)	HMDB0061701	C₂₆H₅₂NO₇P	521.3484	12.28	2.74	↑^a	↓
27	PA (20:0/20:4)	HMDB0115078	C₄₃H₇₇O₈P	752.5322	21.66	2.74	↓^a	↑
28	l-pyroglutamic acid	HMDB0000267	C₅H₇NO₃	129.0414	0.30	4.29	↓^c	↑
29	linolenelaidic acid	HMDB0030964	C₁₈H₃₀O₂	278.2247	11.98	4.28	↑^c	↑
30	stearic acid	HMDB0000827	C₁₈H₃₆O₂	284.2715	17.73	2.82	↓^a	↓
31	oleoylethanolamide	HMDB0002088	C₂₀H₃₉NO₂	325.2981	13.38	3.00	↑^a	↓
32	retinyl acetate	HMDB0035185	C₂₂H₃₂O₂	328.2402	13.64	3.58	↑^b	↓
33	docosatetraenoic acid	HMDB0002226	C₂₂H₃₆O₂	332.2717	16.03	3.66	↑^b	↓
34	13Z,16Z-docosadienoic acid	HMDB0061714	C₂₂H₄₀O₂	336.3030	18.72	2.69	↑^a	↓
35	tetracosahexaenic acid	HMDB0002007	C₂₄H₃₆O₂	356.2718	15.81	3.52	↑^b	↑
36	LysoPA (16:0)	HMDB0007853	C₁₉H₃₉O₇P	410.2433	11.85	3.40	↑^b	↓
37	LysoPE (P-18:1(9Z))	HMDB0240599	C₂₃H₄₆NO₆P	463.3066	14.25	2.79	↑^a	↓
38	LysoPE (22:6)	HMDB0011526	C₂₇H₄₄NO₇P	525.2848	10.61	2.82	↑^a	↓
39	ceramide (d18:1/18:0)	HMDB0004950	C₃₆H₇₁NO₃	565.5433	21.72	2.91	↑^a	↓

P < 0.05.

P < 0.01.

P < 0.001 vs Sham group.

P < 0.05.

P < 0.01 vs Model group.