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. 2023 Jan 3;62(2):26. doi: 10.3892/ijo.2023.5474

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Causes of lung cancer include smoking, second-hand smoke exposure, infectious or non-infectious respiratory disease, occupational exposure and genetic factors. For central lung cancer, biopsies are performed by bronchoscopy, while for peripheral lung cancer, biopsies are performed by pleural lung puncture.